University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh Department of Applied Chemistry and Chemical

Ceramics have been used for thousands of years and have been used in a multitude of different application. In the past 70 years ceramics have started to be used in the medical field1. Ceramics can be categorized by its bio-safety and bioactivity. Bio-safe materials are non-toxic and non-inflammatory as to avoid rejection from the body. Where the bioactivity is how it reacts to biological material and processes. Typically ceramics have been used in surgical replacements such as bones and teeth. These ceramics must be designed and optimized in order to perform in the body’s aggressive internal environment. Newer ceramics are being researched in order to improve structure, functionality, and life expectancy. Some ceramics like calcium phosphate ceramics increase the bioactivity by stimulating bone growth2. Some are designed to incorporate drugs that can be release by external stimuli or by time releasing mechanisms. These bioceramic drug delivery systems are being researched, as well as nano scale ceramics. Current research is not only looking at new and improved bioceramics but is also looking into using ceramics for use in cancer treatments. The use of ceramics in hyperthermia therapy is one of the methods currently being looking into3. The ceramic that is used in have magnetic materials incorporated into the ceramic this allows for external magnetic forces to heat up the ceramic which cause an increase of heat at the site of implantation. This can causes

Polycaprolactone has been applied to bone repair, cartilage repair and bone regeneration. Because of this I think polycaprolactone would be a good candidate for soft tissue replacement. PCL is also suited be combined with other materials, which makes it a good candidate for soft tissue research. Having the ability to combine successfully with other materials is a benefit to soft tissue replacements because adding other materials to PCL can increase its durability, flexibility and many more crucial properties. Polycaprolactone can also withstand water, oil, solvent and chlorine, which is beneficial when creating soft tissue. Being that our body is approximately 60 percent water, it can be inferred that PCL would be expected to withstand water. I believe that Polycaprolactone’s low melting boil is also a benefit of using this polymer in soft tissue replacement. PCL has a melting point of 60 degrees

The percent of PY ranged from 79.02 ± 0.97 to 28.84 ± 3.35 for 1 mL DCM and 10 mL of EA. The FESEM results showed that there were no crystals on the surface of any microsponges as well as integrity and sphericity were preserved when incorporated in gel. DSC results of microsponges suggested amorphous nature of entrapped resiquimod in microsponges. Whereas, FTIR spectrums of loaded microsponges against non-loaded suggested no chemical interaction between resiquimod and ethylcellulose polymer. While FTIR results of lyophilized loaded and non-loaded microsponges gels suggested no chemical interaction between microsponges and gel excipients. F1 formulation had 7 times lower flux 2.97 ± 0.25 µg/cm2/hr compared to resiquimod control gel 20.55 ± 8.86 µg/cm2/hr while F2 and F3 had no flux. Results of quantified resiquimod in SC were 0.56 ± 0.26, 0.55 ± 0.30, 0.51 ± 0.30 and 1.04 ± 0.17 µg/cm2 for F1, F2, F3 and control gel respectively. On the other hand, quantified resiquimod in epidermis plus dermis were 0.88 ± 0.30, 0.36 ± 0.12, 0.16 ± 0.05 and 0.17 ± 0.05 µg/cm2 for F1, F2, F3 and control gel respectively. Resiquimod loaded microsponges in gel resulted

Not only mimicking the biofunctionality, they also respond to external physical stimulus and environment really well. Some of the hydrogels that have been under consideration so far for vitreous tissue engineering include PVA, PVP , PAP. PVP (Poly(1-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone)) (Hong et al., 1998) is the first studied polymer for vitreous replacement. However, opacification of vitreous , inflammation due to the presence of vacuoles and granules(Swindle-Reilly et al., 2009) and intraocular reactivity are the main issues that prevents its use alone for vitreous replacement. Many other blends with this polymer are underway in research as the material has density and viscosity similar to vitreous. PVA (Poly-vinyl-alcohol) has good optical and rheological properties making it a suitable biomaterial for this application. Maruoka et al added trisodium-triphosphate as a cross-linking agent to PVA. The addition of this molecule improved the material properties such as rheological characteristics and diffusion behaviour when compared to PVA alone (Maruoka et al., 2006) Another blend of the polymer Poly(vinyl alcohol methacrylate) (PVA-MA) has also laid its ground in vitreal tissue engineering (Cavalieri et al., 2004). This polymer contains a photoinitiator which forms a gel network after being irradiatied at 365 nm. The degree of gelification can be regulated by polymer concentration and light intensity. PVA-MA

Radiation has been present since the birth of the universe. Upon its discovery in the early 19th century, humans have used radiation for its beneficial purposes that date back decades. However, when used precariously or in large quantities, radiation can be dangerous. It can cause detrimental effects to living organisms. Medical facilities, nuclear power plants, research laboratories and academic industries all need professionals who understand radiation hazards, as well as their prevention and control [1].

The Photopolymerization of a mixture of multi-functional monomers or oligomers that polymerize by different mechanisms leads to the build-up of two interpenetrating polymer networks (IPN). An obvious requirement is that the two monomers must be fully compatible, and their polymers as well, in order to avoid segregation and the formation of heterophasic materials. The major advantages of these UV-curable hybrid systems lie in their superior combination of properties which can be tailor-made for a given application by adjusting the proportions of the two components. The IPN formed will exhibit the main features of the two polymer networks, for instance the toughness and scratch resistance of UV-cured acrylate polymers and the elastomeric character of the cross-linked polyurethane-vinyl ether, with

Nuclear materials research focuses on two main subject areas, nuclear fuels and irradiation-induced modification of materials. Improvement of nuclear fuels is crucial for obtaining increased efficiency from nuclear reactors. Irradiation effects studies have many purposes, from studying structural changes to reactor components to studying nano-modification of metals and semiconductors using ion-beams or particle accelerators.

Unlike plant fibres, chitosan possesses positive ionic charges which give it the ability to chemically bind with negative charge fats, lipids, proteins, cholesterol, macromolecules and metal ions 26. In view of this, chitosan have increasing commercial interest as suitable resource materials due to their excellent properties including biocompatibility, biodegradability, adsorption, and ability to form films and to chelate metal ions 27. Chitosan and simple aldehydes produce N-alkyl chitosan upon hydrogenation. The presence of the more or less bulky substituents weakens the hydrogen bonds of the chitosan. Therefore, N-alkyl chitosan swell in water inspite of the hydrophobicity of alkyl chains. The N-alkyl chitosan retain the film forming property of chitosan 27. The presence of the amino groups at the C-2 positions in chitosan makes it more versatile in comparison to chitin. Below are some chemical and biological properties28 of chitosan. The presence of certain functionalities like –OH and –NH2 groups in the chitosan molecules provides a basis for interaction with other polymers and biological

Dosimetry systems developed in standards laboratories utilize calorimetry, ionization and chemical methods for determining absorbed dose to water. One chemical method, the gel dosimeter, in which substances carrying dosimetric information are suspended in a gel matrix, allows dose distributions to be measured in three dimensions (3D), promising true 3D quality assurance measurements in radiotherapy treatment planning. Gel dosimetry has many advantages compared to conventional dosimetry techniques such as ion chambers, TLDs and films. This dosimeter not only records the radiation dose distribution in 3D with good spatial resolution, but also has the ability to integrate radiation doses from multiple directions. These advantages are particularly significant in dosimetry situations where steep dose gradients exist, such as in intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) and stereotactic radiosurgery. This 3D dosimeter is radiologically soft-tissue equivalent with properties that may be modified depending on the application. The readout techniques that have been developed include magnetic

The influence of gamma irradiation on the electrical and dielectric properties of AgNO3/ PVA films was investigated. The films were prepared by in-situ chemical reduction techniques, then irradiated with different gamma doses (25, 50, 75, 100, 125 KGy). The content of the Ag in the PVA film were determined by using atomic absorption spectroscopy (AA), and were found to be 0.4 wt %. The films have been characterized through dielectric spectroscopy and I–V measurements. As a result, the dielectric constant (ε) value decreases as the gamma irradiation doses increase. The conductivity of the films and dielectric loss (tan δ) of increases with increasing the gamma irradiation doses. The conductivity was found (σ = 4.9 x10−8 S m−1) for 125 KGy. Frank-poole emission is the prevailing transport mechanism for all samples.

Proceedings of the 5th National Conference; INDIACom-2011 Computing For Nation Development, March 10 – 11, 2011 Bharati Vidyapeeth‟s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi

Since the invention of implants, titanium has been the best material of choice due to its unique biocompatibility and the titanium dioxide (TiO2) corrosion resistance - compared to other metals which release ions into the adjacent tissue and cause inflammatory process. The important role in the biomaterial surface preparation has been a major study area for many scientists to enhance the surface properties for better dental and orthopedic implant osseointegration. The very last step of surface modification is the sterilizing method used to sterilize the implant surface before packaging. All biomaterials must be "well" sterilized before using them, however, the effect of these methods on the implant surface properties have not been thoroughly studied. Many different techniques are used to sterilize - each with its modification actions -, one of which is the oxygen plasma/ Radio Frequency Glow-Discharge (RFGD) treatment. In general, research interest in the RFGD treatment method has increased since the 1970s. Significant attention has been paid to the effect of sterilization on the surface of different biomaterials, specifically dental implant materials. Baier et al. (1984) indicated the importance of high Critical Surface Tension (CST) and surface cleanliness of the substrata for a better cell adhesion. This study was done in vivo using rabbits. They used implants with different surface energy states on three surfaces for healing periods of 10 and 20 days. Baier et al.

Principal component analysis (PCA) was attained on a dataset of 20 sites and 14 physico-chemical parameters to explore the relationships between major ions and trace metals. In this study, the PCA of analyzed data was applied to differentiate the contribution of natural sources to the chemical composition of groundwater in Jaypurhat district. This analysis also helps to find out information from datasets about sources of ion and factor controlling in groundwater quality. Factors with eigenvalues exceeding one were only considered for the study. Based on eigenvalues more than 1, seven PCs were extracted from groundwater quality parameters, which represented 90.69 % of total variance in the study area. A scree plot was used to demonstrate a

The XRD spectra of blends were compared to the control spectra of native keratin and alginate as mentioned in Figure 1. In XRD spectra, the native keratin and native alginate give a highest intensity at near 7543 and 4100 at about 19° and 14° angle of 2θ respectively, which is also confirmed by other researchers [16–18]. The spectra of keratin/alginate blends prepared at a ratio of 10:90, 30:70 and 50:50 gives a highest intensity peak 3573, 5128 and 3264 at 22°, 6.8° and 7.1° angle of 2θ respectively. The XRD spectra of all blend ratios gives a new peak in between 6°-8° angle of 2θ which is not present in the spectra of native keratin and alginate, this depict that the structure of native keratin and alginate become altered and form a new structural pattern in blend form. The XRD spectra of blend scaffold revealed that the intensity of blend has transformed as compared to the control XRD spectra which confirm that the compatibility exists in between keratin and alginate. Several works are reported for the biomaterial preparation from various blends such as chitosan/agar, agar/soy-protein, carboxy-methyl-cellulose/soy protein, soy protein/agar etc. [18], but in the author’s best knowledge none of the report available which can explain the compatibility in between keratin and alginate.

The miscibility property of keratin and alginate was studied by applying X-ray diffractometer and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy. The XRD spectra of blends were compared to the control spectra of native keratin and native alginate as mentioned in Figure 1. In XRD spectra, the native keratin and native alginate give a highest intensity at near 7543 and 4100 at about 19° and 14° angle of 2θ, respectively [17–19]. The spectra of keratin/alginate blends prepared at a ratio of 10:90, 30:70 and 50:50 gives a highest intensity peak 3573, 5128 and 3264 at 22°, 6.8° and 7.1° angle of 2θ respectively. The XRD spectra of all blend ratios gives a new peak in between 6°-8° angle of 2θ which is not present in the spectra of native keratin and alginate, this depict that the structure of native keratin and alginate become altered and form a new structural pattern in blend form. The XRD spectra of blend scaffold revealed that the intensity of blend has transformed as compared to the control XRD spectra which confirm that the compatibility exists in between keratin and alginate. Several works are reported in which compatibility between blend components was examined by XRD. For example, Tian et al. [20] performed the XRD study to identify the interaction between soy-protein and agar. The compatibility between