Unknown Mutant Allele Phenotype

In this experiment we tested to see what the offspring of an unknown cross of an F1 generation would produce. After observing the F2 generation and recording the data we found some of the Drosophila showed mutations, two in particular. The mutations were the apterus wings, and sepia eyes. After collecting our data through observation, a Chi-test was conducted resulting in a Chi-value of 5.1 and a p-value of .2. Since the p-value was greater than 0.05, there was no significant change in the data. This proved that the Drosophila flies still followed the Mendelian genetics of a 9:3:3:1 ratio.

10 of these flies were then mated with flies that exhibit all three traits (clear-winged, black-eyed,

Drosophila melanogaster is a small, common fly found near unripe and rotted fruit. It has been in use for over a century to study genetics. Thomas Hunt Morgan was the best biologist studying Drosophila early in the 1900’s. Morgan was the first to discover sex-linkage and genetic recombination, which placed the small fly in the forefront of genetic research. Scientists have used Drosophila for many reasons. For one they are very easy to maintain, breed, anesthetize, and kill with little equipment. They are also very small and it is easy to distinguish males vs females and sexually mature flies and virgins. At lastly, the flies have a very short two week life span. On days 2-7 of their life

The goal of this study was to induce a deletion in the DMAP1 gene on chromosome two in Drosophila melanogaster through P-element mobilization. The DMAP1 gene may be an essential gene, however not much is known about it. We attempted to uncover the function of DMAP1 by creating a series of genetic crosses and selecting for brown-eyed non-stubble male flies that may have the deletion. To test whether these flies had the deletion, we produced PCR products and ran them on an agarose gel, which resulted as inconclusive. We created a balanced stock of flies homozygous for the deletion to see if the

Drosophila Melanogaster, commonly known as fruit flies, are highly important model organisms in pertaining to biological research. The logic behind their recurrent use is due to their: easy culture in the laboratory, brief generation time, and ability to produce large numbers of offspring. In this report, we created isolated virgin D. Melanogaster from the original three populations we were given and then created crosses between them. Upon observation, we noticed an unusual mutant that arose from two of the three created crosses. We suspected that this genetic mutation had previously been discovered and named.

The 792 Drosophila melanogaster mutation is known as guindo. Guindo or guinda is the spanish word for a deep red wine, burgundy or ox-blood color. The phenotypic differences between a WT D.melanogaster and a 792 MUT differ at their larval, pupal and adult stage. In the larval stage there was not any significant phenotypic differences noticed, only behavioral differences were apparent. The wandering MUT larvae had a tendency to clump or travel as a group; while the WT wandered and scattered individually. At the pupal stage the MUT Drosophila melanogaster had a uniform shape and size. All of the MUTs seemed to have spiracles. The WT pupa differed in size and shape, and spiracles were not noticeable in all of them. In the adult stage MUT wings were almost parallel to the body and close together, compared to the flared out WT wings. The antennae on MUTs also seemed to be larger than in WT. The mouth was also a noticeable difference, MUTs had a much smaller mouth than WT did. The most noticeable difference is the eye color and shape. MUTs had a

They have adapted to this environment by their long wings. Their wings help to get away from predators, catch prey, or to migrate if they have to. The hairs on their toes help with flying. Their legs are short and strong so they help this bat climb. Their fur makes less drag, making them fly faster.

The most extensive metamorphic changes of insects internal organs occur with development of the thoracic musculature required for flight, the arrangement of nervous system and the development of gonads [2].

Abstract Drosophila melanogaster have been tested on by scientists for over a hundred years. Research on these flies have come to be the foundation of genetic studies everywhere (“Drosophila melanogaster”). In this experiment two environments were created where wild type and vestigial Drosophila melanogaster reproduced over multiple generations. One environment has a simulated predator and the other does not.

Prud’homme et al. (2011) demonstrated that the wing specific gene nubbin was expressed in a similar pattern in the helmet formation as in wings and arrived at the conclusion that the treehopper helmet was serially homologous to the T1 wing. In addition the authors speculated that the evolution of the helmet is due to a change in an unknown genetic mechanism downstream of Scr (sex combs reduced), which is part of the hox gene family. Thereby suggesting that the evolution of the treehopper helmet is due to genes that were under repression by hox genes. Moczek (2011) speculated that the tree hoppers evolved a wing like structure through re- emergence of a repressed developmental program of the wing. Clark-Hachtel and Tomoyasu (2016) proposed that the treehopper helmet might be partially homologous to the wings based on the fact that the treehopper helmet and the beetle carinated margin of Tribolium beetle both originate from the T1 tergum and it was shown that the reduction of the repression of Scr lead to formation of wings in the beetle. Conversely Yoshizawa (2012), proposes that the lack of evidence for the Scr mechanism in treehoppers might be due to pleiotropy and

Introduction: In this experiment we followed the inheritance of mutant and wild-type alleles of the eye color gene in Drosophila. The wild type for eye color is known as brick red. It is created by the combination of two types of pigments, which are pteridines (red pigments) and ommochromes (brown pigments). Two parallel biochemical pathways produce these pigments.

Zic2 is the vertebrate homologue of the Drosophila opa gene containing the zinc-finger motif for DNA binding (Aruga et al., 1996). In the mouse, the expression of Zic2 is first detected at the time of gastrulation and later becomes restricted to the dorsal roof plate of the forebrain (Nagai et al., 1997). A hypomorphic mutation of Zic2 results in a failure of roof plate induction, thus causing a mild form of HPE in the mouse (Nagai et al., 2000). However, mutations in the DNA binding and transactivation domains of Zic2 lead to a more severe form of HPE, owing to the defective development of prechordal plate formation at the time of gastrulation (Warr et al., 2008). Recent evidence suggests that Zic2 may regulate forebrain development by controlling β-catenin activity and thus affecting the Wnt signaling pathway(Pourebrahim et al., 2011). Later, Zic2 continues to express in the forebrain roof plate of mouse and chick embryos within the

The Beadex gene can go through epistasis which would in this case effect the development of the mutant’s wing. It was discovered that Beadex is a gene that is regulatory by checking for the second site mutations that would enhance the Beadex phenotype or overwhelm the gene. Two genes that are able to perform this action are Chip and apterous, each of which plays a big role in development (Hari 2008). These genes were also discovered independently while scientists were looking for genes that can single handedly alter a wing’s mutation. The Beadex protein is very complex and has two LIM domains which are connected to other

Five specific genes are cv, cv-d, cv-c, cv-2, and Dhc16F. cv is named crossveinless and is located at 1-13.7. It is a BMP binding protein that can repress BMP signaling. cv-d is named crossveinless d and located at 3-65. This binding protein decreases the amount of BMP signaling. cv-c is named crossveinless c and is located at 3-54.1. It is a necessary protein for BMP signaling and transport. cv-2 is named crossveinless 2 and is located at 2-96.2. It is a BMP binding protein that increases and decreases the effect of BMP signaling. All of these genes were chosen because they affect the presence of the anterior and posterior crossveins on the Drosophila melanogaster wing. Dhc26F is named Dynein heavy chain at 16F. It is located at 1-59.1. Dhc26F is a motor protein that is used to convert ATP into energy. It was chosen because it consists of the phenotype of a crossveinless-like gene that also affects the presence of the anterior and posterior crossveins on the Drosophila melanogaster

The common fruit fly, also known as Drosophila melanogaster has been the tiny subject that has helped greatly in the research of DNA and other affairs. “Drosophila breed rapidly, are easy to raise, and produce many offspring in every generation” (Flinn Drosophila Guide, 2000). Because of these factors, Drosophila is a very common test subject. Drosophila has been used for the study of genetics and development since the early years of the 20th century.