Unknown Organism : Enterobacter Aerogenes

A German pathologist named Carl Friedlander have isolated a capsulated bacillus bacteria from lungs of patient who recently died from pneumonia (Murray et al., 2005). The bacteria was then named after his name as Friendlander’s bacillus. Then the organism was named as Klebsiella for its generic name, which then have been reported present and exists worldwide. Klebsiella causes pneumonia, septicemia, urinary tract infection, rarely diarrhea and other pyogenic infections. (Kapil, A., 2013). Klebsiella has a gram negative cell wall, encapsulated and a lactose fermenting bacteria. It was also non-motile organisms and a facultative anaerobe which prefer a condition of no oxygen but still can survive with presence of oxygen belonging to Enterobacteriaceae

The Unknown Bacteria 36/Bacteria # 2 on a TSA plate was examined by the naked eye and under a dissecting microscope. Bacteria # 2 was approximately 3 - 4 mm in diameter. They were circular in form with an entire margin and a flat elevation. The colonies were rough (granular), translucent, and white brownish color with black granules. The Gram stain resulted in a Gram negative rod. After the Gram stain was completed, the bacteria were streaked on an Eosin -Methylene Blue Agar plate and an Enterotube II was inoculated.

The first result of importance was the result of the Gram stain. The observations of the unknown bacteria from the slant culture after Gram staining showed that the unknown bacteria were Gram negative bacilli (Image 1). After determining the unknown bacteria was Gram negative, an oxidase test was conducted on a sample from the slant culture. The cotton swap with the sample of bacteria did not change color when the oxidase reagent was applied, thus providing a negative result. With a negative oxidase test, further tests were conducted to determine various characteristics of the unknown bacteria. A MR-VP broth was inoculated with a sample from a slant culture of unknown bacteria. After incubation, the methyl red reagent was added to the broth, and the broth turned red, providing a positive result (Image 2). An EMB agar streak plate was inoculated with a sample from a slant culture of the unknown bacteria, and after incubation, growth was found on the plate, providing a positive result (Image 3). A Citrate agar slant was inoculated, and after incubation, growth was found on the media, providing a positive result (Image 4). A Urea agar slant was inoculated, and after incubation, the agar had changed from a peach color to a bright pink color, providing a positive result (Image 5). Using the flowchart (Figure 1) developed from the Table of Expected Results, the lab partners started at the oxidase test. Given the negative result of the oxidase test, the flowchart is

I identified Citrobacter freundii, the gram negative rod, by running a series of tests. I began with the Phenol Red Lactose tests, which tests if the organism contains various enzymes that determine if it can ferment lactose. The broth turned yellow after it was incubated, indicating that the lactose was fermented to acid, and there was also gas present in the Durham tube. Since the Phenol Red Lactose Test was positive, I then ran the Phenol Red Sucrose test, which tests if the bacteria contain different enzymes that determine if sucrose can be fermented. After incubation, the broth was yellow, indicating that sugar was fermented to acid, and there was also gas present in the Durham tube. Next, I ran the Sulfide Production, Indole Formation, Motility test, but I was only testing for Hydrogen Sulfide Production to differentiate between the organisms Citrobacter freundii and Enterobacter aerogenes. This test detects if the organisms can metabolize sulfur into hydrogen sulfide, which is revealed by the formation of ferrous sulfide that causes blackening around the growth. The test also reveals if the organism can break tryptophan into indole or migrate away from initial stab area. After incubation, the agar slant was completely black, indicating that the organism produces hydrogen sulfide and is motile proving that it was Citrobacter

An unknown bacterium was handed out by the lab instructor. The methods that have been learned so far in identifying bacteria were applied to this unknown. Procedures were followed as stated in the lab manual and biochemical test handouts. The first procedure that was done was a gram stain followed by a streak of the unknown on a TSA plate in order to determine the gram reaction and observe the colony morphology. After that, specific biochemical tests were performed for gram positive, since unknown number five was determined to be gram positive rod. The other tests were performed in this order: Mannitol Salt (MSA) streak, Blood Agar streak, Catalase test, Nitrate Reduction test, and Phenyl

The first step toward identifying this unknown organism was to perform a Gram Stain to differentiate between gram positive and gram negative bacteria. This is an important step because it directs what the next tests will be. My Gram Stain on sample #12 showed that the bacteria was gram negative, however, after receiving the results of the OF glucose, H2S, Citrate, Urease and Motility tests, it was apparent that my Gram Stain was contaminated. I then performed a catalase test which came back negative, so I ordered a Bacitracin disc, Optochin disc and a CAMP test which had to be incubated overnight. After receipt of those test results,

The main idea of this experiment was to correctly identify the unknown bacteria, #3. Identification of unknown bacteria yields multiple benefits in many different areas in the research of microorganisms. In this experiment I performed many different test dealing with things such as the presence of enzymes, fermentation abilities and different chemical reactions. Observations made from the tests were then compared to a gram negative unknown chart in order to identify the bacteria. Based off of my results and the chart, I concluded the bacteria #3 was the bacteria Escherichia coli. E. coli is most commonly found in the intestines of warm blooded organisms. Most E. coli strands are non pathogenic however, there are strands

Extremely risky drug discovery and development, lengthening development times which increase development cost, return on investments, and generic competitors.

The high prices set by pharmaceutical companies for drugs allows the companies to continue researching, developing, and producing new drugs. As new diseases are discovered, new medications must be discovered in order to treat them.

Penicillin brought about the biggest search in medical history. It was reasoned that if there was one antibiotic in nature, there must be many more, and there were.

Prokaryotes are ubiquitous, successfully adapting to diverse environments as well as developing symbiotic relationships with host organisms (Lengeler, Drews, & Schlegel, 1999). Prokaryotes may have both autotrophic and heterotrophic characteristics. A cyanobacteria is photosynthetic, commonly called blue-green algae, and may produce toxins (Crayton, 1993). Bacteria are most commonly associated in the general

Enterobacter aerogenes is a species of rod shaped gram negative bacterium in the family of enterobacteriaceae. It is a facultative anaerobe, meaning that it can grow in either the presence of oxygen or in the absence of oxygen. It also uses fermentation as the means of gathering energy that protect it from reative oxygen species, and allowing it to live in oxygenated environments. Enterobacter aerogenes is a nosocomial and pathogenic bacterium that cause opportunistic infections. The majority are sensitive to most antibiotics designed for this bacteria class, but it can be complicated due to their resistance mechanism such as lactamas, which quickly become resistant to standard antibiotics during the treatment. Enterobacter aerogenes is found in human gastrointestinal tract, and it does not generally cause disease in healthy individuals. It has been found to live in

Escherichia coli are commonly found in lower intestine of warm blooded animals. Most E. coli are harmless. The bacteria can be grown easily and its genetics are relatively simple and easy to study, making it the best-studied prokaryotic organism. Certain strains of E. coli can produce toxins that can cause food poisoning when eating unwashed vegetables. (Wikipedia, 2010)

had been separated from areas related to the floor, roofs, tanker bays, drying towers, roller dryers, conveyors, and air filters, and such process was maintained throughout various environments, such as the manufacturing, processing, and non-processing domains of multiple milk-powder factories (Hein et al. 2009; Craven et al. 2010; Jacobs et al. 2011). The initial study’s purpose is identifying the denotation of one of the strains. The species E. sakazakii, which was known by NCIMB 8272, is now being identified as C. sakazakii. In 1950, such strain was isolated from dried milk, revealing the organism’s existence in milk products, dating back to many decades. Recently, chosen among various animals, a stable horse’s nostril was used to isolate a Cronobacter strain (Holy et al. 2011). And one report indicated that this organism had been also isolated from wild house flies (Musca domestica), the guts of the Mexican fruit fly, Anastrepha ludens, the stable fly’s larvae, Stomoxys calcitrans, and filth flies, (Kuzina et al. 2001; Mramba et al. 2006; Butler et al. 2010; Pava-Ripoll et al. 2012). Such documented work imply that the flies might serve as vector for Cronobacter

Avibacterium paragallinarum, previously known as Haemophilus paragallinarum, is a pathogenic bacteria that cause infectious coryza, an acute respiratory diseases that associate with substantial losses in poultry industry worldwide (Blackall et al., 2005). Early descriptions believed the pathogen of infectious coryza was Haemophilus gallinarum, which requires hemin and NADH as compulsory growth factors. In 1960s, studies on bacteria isolates recovered from the infectious coryza cases showed that the growth of all isolates were only NADH-dependent, leading to the identification of the new species, Haemophilus paragallinarum (Blackall & Soriano, 2008). In recent years, NADH-independent H. paragallinarum strains have been reported from South Africa, Mexico and Peru (Blackall, 1999; Soriano-Vargas et al., 2013; Falconi-Agapito et al., 2015), revealing the existence of geographic influence on bacteria distribution.