Unmodifiable Characteristics Of An Individual

There are many different factors that can increase your chance of becoming ill and dying. The different factors are social class, gender, age and ethnicity. The different social groups I will look at are social class and gender. I am going to look into how these affect health; I will also explain the pattern and trends. I am using gender because it fits in with the sociological perspective feminism and social class fits in with Marxism.

Individuals vary widely in their perception of susceptibility to a disease based on their demographic, social, psychological and structural influences.

Being of the racial minority or of the lower social status has negative influence on longevity and a persons’ overall health. This is due to the decrease in the amount of resources the individual has. The individuals will usually lack health care due to lack of knowledge or income, usually don’t reach their nutritional daily needs due to the same reasons. Some issues arise with an individuals’ working conditions. All of this has a negative impact on a persons’ overall health and longevity.

Demographic factors can affect one's health status, health-related behavior and one's use of health care services. Many studies have demonstrated that age, gender and ethnicity all play a role in the likelihood of suffering different ailments. Sometimes, these factors are genetic, where certain groups have predispositions, and higher incidences have been recorded. Caucasians have a higher propensity for melanoma, for example, than do African-Americans. This will result in higher rates of usage for health care services relating to that ailment, and also differences in health-related behavior. Caucasians would be more likely, for example, to take precautions against sun exposure as the result of this higher propensity.

Jack’s vision of a geographically enabled world was coming true, except that it was happening with technologies and companies that were unrelated to ESRI or even GIS. Many of these companies and technologies were not around in 1969, when Jack and Laura first started ESRI. Will this visionary pioneer of geographic information systems be a pioneer in this geographically enabled world that they have championed for four decades? What role will ESRI and GIS play in this new era? What resources and capabilities does ESRI have and how should it deploy them in order to create its position in this changing world? Will it continue to be the number one player in the market? How, if at all, should ESRI be responding to the new technologies and companies that are redefining the market? What are the

Today’s society relies heavily on the use of computers and computerised information, so much so that we rarely notice when an activity or action involves the use of technology. Over the past 30 years, technology has continued to develop into extremely complex systems capable of processing large amounts of data. It is now possible to represent not only numbers and letters, but also images, sounds and maps (Bernhardsen, 2002, p. 1). A Geographic Information System (GIS) is a computer system or application designed to perform a variety of operations based on geographic information. GIS is a tool used by many organisations, businesses, schools, governments and individuals searching for innovative ways to solve problems (Evans, 2014). Geographic Information Systems allow users to map, model, analyse and query data all within a single database according to their location (Evans, 2014). Information about the world is stored as a collection of layers; these layers can be linked together by a common locational component such as zip codes, latitude and longitude or road name. These geographic references allow individuals to locate features for analysis of trends and patterns (Evans, 2014). Dozens of layers can be added and organised to display a wide array of information on many subjects.

Spatial information is necessary to make sound decisions at the local, regional and global levels. Therefore, the amount of spatial datasets being created and exchanged between organisations or people is increasing considerably. According to a released study by for the period of 2004–2010, the overall growth of geospatial industry has increased by 11% in the areas of data, software and services.

The present study uncovers the school dental services in the regional Hillah city/Babylon province in Iraq by using the spatial analysis (GIS/geo-coding). The study is the first of its kind, which can lay the foundation for future studies in exploring or planning for dental services in the region. The incorporation of spatial analysis (GIS/geo-coding) in the study has added many advantages such as the distribution of the fixed primary health care clinics and primary schools and illustrate the distances that dentists have to travel in order to examine school children as part of the school dental services program. The importance of GIS mapping as a tool in health care services planning by analysing important spatial patterns and trends has been well-documented 101, 102. Utilising spatial analysis (without computer based software) in community school dental services was conducted first by Taylor and Carmichael in the 1980s in Newcastle in the United Kingdom 103. Consequently, further research has been carried using GIS/spatial analysis (with computer based software) to demonstrate the access to community based health care services 104,105. As a result, our study findings add to expanding the body of similar research, with potential of covering wider areas, populations, and public health services in region that has not being studied before. However, the region may differ in the nature of school dental services which could make the comparison with other school dental services

The term Geographic Information Systems (GIS) is a term used to refer to a system installed in a computer capable of manipulating, assembling, displaying and storing information that has been geographically referenced. Large volumes of data are mapped, analyzed and modeled using a single database depending on their locations. In short, the software gives one power to create maps. Information such latitudes, longitudes, elevations and ZIP codes are fed into the system and the results can be used to determine whether and climate patterns of different regions (Global Geographic Information Systems, 2007). Different organizations use GIS generated data to seek information regarding specific areas of interest they are interested in.

The paper will begin with a literature review on the sources used for research including conference papers, lectures, and trade magazines. Immediately following the literature review, there will be the discussion which entails a thorough explanation of the fundamental concepts that contribute to the foundation of Geographic Information Systems. After the explanation of concepts, there will be a brief introduction regarding the company that pioneered the way for GIS. This paper will then discuss the current trends and major industries that are utilizing GIS. In the end, there will be a conclusion that will include a future analysis on GIS.

GIS is an emerging method of data storage and interpretation. GIS is, simply put a database. It is many tables of data organized by one common denominator, location. The data in a GIS system is organized spatially, or by its physical location on the base map. The information that is stored in the database is the location and attributes that exist in that base map, such as streets, highways, water lines, sewers, manholes, properties, and buildings, etc. each of these items don’t just exist in the database, the attributes associated with the item is also stored. A good example of this would be a specific sewer line, from and arbitrary point A to a point B. Ideally, the

Geographic Information Systems pose many benefits to mankind. For instance, it has helped farms adequately provide the food we need for nourishment. GIS helps farmers make informed decisions on the best locations to farm and what benefits the lands can provide them, hence increasing their food production. The GIS software can be used to map land digitally while collecting important information needed to grow crops such as the topography or lay of the land combined with other statistical data allowing for easier analysis of the soil. In turn, this makes it easier for farmers to not only decide what and where to plant but also how to improve their methods of crop production so that they can earn more and better feed the world.

developed using GIS cloud for particular requirements (Evangelidis et al., 2014). A conventional GIS application

Apart from the oil industry, the geographical information systems have also gained much use in other critical application in Saudi Arabia. For instance, the system is used in both telecom and network services. Its relevance as a planning and a decision-making tool in the telecom industry cannot be overemphasized. The so-called GDi GISDATA enables the telecommunication companies to integrate geographical data in their network planning, design and maintenance activities. The technology allows the companies to enhance their location-based services, develop engineering/ geographical applications and customer relationship. Geographic information system also enables the authorities and insurance companies do both accident and hot spot analysis. As such, the technology helps in the reduction of accidents in the roads through the optimization of road networks and facilitating the improvement of roads through proper traffic in management (Khormi, Kumar, & Elzahrany, 2011). The technology helps identify the locations and map them by their population and traffic details. In addition, the geographic information system is convenient to use in rerouting design. The system has also gained much prominence in urban planning is Saudi

The following paragraph shows the development history of GIS. The development of GIS started probably in France, with the “geographer Charles Picquet when he applied spatial analysis in epidemiology” (“History of GIS”, 2012) in 1832. But the first geographical method to specify a cholera outbreak was used by John Snow in 1854. Although map making is far older than Charles Picquet and John Snow, were their works milestones in the history of GIS (“History of GIS”, 2012).The following are examples which affected the development of GIS between 1960 until 2014: