Angina Essay

A common symptom for myocardial ischaemia is angina - chest pain. Angina can occur in two forms: stable or variant angina (McCance & Huether, 2014, pg. 1154). Stable angina is caused by myocardial ischaemia. The symptoms are usually described as sensation of heaviness, pressing or squeezing pain, and sometimes may radiate to other places such as left shoulder, arm, lower jaw and neck (McCance & Huether, 2014, pg. 1154; Touhy, Jett, Ebersole, & Hess, 2012, pg. 270). On the other hand,

The patient major symptom of chest pain, accompanied by SOB and diaphoresis prompted him to seek help in the emergency room (ER). He had this similar symptoms that eased up with rest for the past six months. However, in the past four days the symptoms became severe and unbearable. The patient returns to the hospital for follow up visit regarding the stent placement and review of risk factors associated with angina. The patient is still apprehensive of experiencing another episode of angina.

Mr. Savea was diagnosed of myocardial infarction with a history of stable angina and mitral valve stenosis. Heart attack, in layman’s term, occurs when coronary blood vessels becomes stiff and emaciated causing the cardiac muscle to starve from oxygen and nutrients in the blood (Carver, 2014). This ischeamia, if prolonged, will cut off the nourishment that the cardiac tissue requires, therefore causing death and non-functioning.

Old Myocardial Infarction(MI) (ICD I25.2)- (Patho Statement) Plaque formation can build up in the interior walls of the heart muscles. Plaque is often made up of WBC, cholesterol and fat. This plaque build up reduces the blood flow and oxygen to the heart causing injury (Lu, Liu, Sun, Zheng, & Zhang, 2015). These heart attacks can be acute or silent. They often present with symptoms of chest pain, left arm pain that can radiate to the neck, shortness of breath, sweating, nausea, vomiting, abnormal heart beat,

Describe angina pectoris and discuss the difference between chronic stable angina, unstable angina, and Prinzmetal’s angina.

Angina is associated with clinical events that can affect prognosis, for example Von Arnim et al

Around 7 million men and women are affected yearly by a disease known as Coronary artery disease (CAD). If one has a reduction of blood flow going to the myocardium, they may have angina pectoris. Some people may not experience any pain, while others will have heart attacks, due to developing atherosclerotic plaques.

D.L., a 33 year old female with history of Coronary Artery Disease was admitted with complaints of chest pain. The patient had Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty or PCTA in 2011. The chest pain started 3 days ago upon admission and described the pain as 3 out of 10 in pain scale for severity. The patient stated that the pain feels like a squeezing pain on the chest and no aggravating factors caused it as she recalls. The patient used Nitroglycerine to alleviate the pain, which lasted about 4 hours each past several days. The patient also stated that she was not sick, no fever or chills, and did not experience any nausea and vomiting.

On Heart Disease Coronary heart disease makes up 56% of all deaths relating to heart conditions. The heart pumps blood around the body carrying oxygen and other essential nutrients to the areas in the body where they are needed.1 Coronary Heart disease is when this process is restricted or interrupted. The coronary arteries come off the main aorta, which are the first arteries to receive freshly oxygenated blood. They pass over the surface of the heart and supply it with oxygen. The process becomes restricted because the walls of the arteries become narrowed by a gradual build-up of atheroma (fatty material).

Coronary artery disease affects all of the arteries that supply blood to your heart. Arteries are narrowed by coronary artery disease and don't allow blood to flow freely through your arteries. When blood can't flow freely to your heart, you can experience chest pain, a heart attack or irregular heart rhythms called arrhythmias.

Coronary artery disease (CAD; also more simply referred to as coronary heart disease) is a specific type of atherosclerosis, which is in turn a form of arteriosclerosis (Dulson, Fraser, LeDrew, & Vavitas, 2011). All of these medical conditions entail the same problem, which hinders proper blood flow of oxygenated blood in the arteries: the sclerosis (that is, hardening) of arteries in the circulatory system (Sclerosis [medicine], 2016). Arteriosclerosis is a general term used to describe the stiffening of arteries particularly resulting from the process of mere ageing, but may also occur due to the presence of other aspects such as hypertension and/or the accumulation of plaque in and/or on the arterial walls, which consists of numerous components including lipids (cholesterol in particular), calcium, and other substances present within the bloodstream; atherosclerosis is specifically associated with plaque buildup in the arteries (if it occurs in one of the coronary arteries, which supply oxygenated blood to the myocardial tissue itself, it is further classified as CAD) (Difference between arteriosclerosis and atherosclerosis, 2014; Dulson et al., 2011). CAD is a common, serious condition that may be fatal; hence, it is imperative that one understands the pathology, diagnosis, and treatment of this disease in order to help decrease its prevalence. This report is concerned with explaining the physiological effects of CAD on the body, latter-day

Another class of drugs used to treat myocardial infarction is cardioinhibitors. These drugs work by reducing heart rate, contractility, and arterial pressure. This, in turn, relaxes the heart by reducing its work and its oxygen demand. Anginal pain is usually caused by the tissue damage due to low oxygen supply to the heart. With the reduction of oxygen demand, the body is relieved of anginal pain as the oxygen supply/demand ratio is improved. Furthermore, cardioinhibitors that block beta-adrenoceptors, which are known to have an effect in increasing heart rate, play an important role in treating myocardial infarction. The inhibition of subsequent cardiac remodeling is also a benefit that is acquired from this class of drugs, aside from improving the oxygen supply/demand ratio. (Klabunde,

     You need your heart for all your body needs. It pumps about 2000 gallons of blood a day. It takes about 20 seconds for blood to reach

Chest pain has many definitions ranging from a sharp stab to a dull ache. Chest pain can be described as crushing or burning. In certain cases, the pain travels up the neck, into the jaw, and then radiates through to the back or down one or both arms. Many different problems can cause chest pain. The most life-threatening ones involve the heart or lungs. Because it can be difficult to determine the exact cause of chest pain has been associated with a short-term mortality of 2%, as well as major risk of liability. Identifying patients with chest pain who are at risk of adverse events is important not only to ED physicians but also to all physicians who evaluate such

Clearly differentiate the pathophysiology of angina and myocardial infarction, including signs and symptoms. (5 marks)