Essay on Urban bias as a major impediment to rural development

In the cities of Wichita Falls and Vernon, the thought of economic growth and the reduction of poverty does not usually cross the minds of most citizens, but as the economic advisor of both cities, it is the main concern of my career. There are many factors that contribute towards these issues, like tax cuts, infrastructure spending, deregulation, and tax rebates (DePersio), but one focused inducer is agriculture development.

We live in a society of competition driven by goals to meet financial economic standards. Regardless of where we live around the world each system consists of stratification and is supported by some acceptable legitimating rationales. In the textbooks, “The Practical Skeptic: Core Concepts in Sociology” and “The Practical Skeptic: Readings in Sociology” by Lisa J. McIntyre provided great details of stratification and legitimating rationales grouped into three major systems: caste, estate, and class explored among rural and urbanized areas.

Throughout the years, social classes have been bolder where people distance themselves from the poor creating buildings, parks, areas that can’t be afforded by the poor. These approaches are theoretically known as obstructive agreements, zoning regulations, building codes, and political regulator over extents of the regions of a nation. With these methods, sections are made within towns which dictate the areas that are only accessible to the middle to high class and areas that could be inhabited by the low class people.

Urbanization is a concept that is deeply rooted in the increase in a population within a region in response to the availability of unique opportunities. The opportunities may include the availability of employment chances in factories, investments opportunities in the urban areas, and the presence of sufficient housing and social infrastructure. It is apparent that urbanization began centuries ago in different regions of the world. However, the development of suburban areas has also been an interesting phenomenon over the centuries. Initially, people strived to live in the luxurious houses in major towns and cities. Nevertheless, there was a gradual shift in the desire to live in the cities when various negative impacts of overpopulation

Income inequality has been a major concern around the world, and it mainly links to how economic metrics are distributed among individuals in a country. Economists generally categorise these metrics in wealth, income and consumption. Wilkinson and Picket (2009) showed in their studies that inequality has drawbacks that lead to social problems. This is because income inequality and wealth concentration can hinder or delay long term growth. In 2011, International Monetary Fund economists showed that less income inequality increased the duration of countries’ economic growth spells more than free trade, low government corruption, foreign investment or low foreign debt (Berg and Ostry, 2011).

Whether or not one agrees with the economist’s observation on measuring poverty through the income, the analytical problem that is demonstrated is the lack of income can prevent individual from accessing fundamental needs for minimum standard of well being. In areas where individuals have very low wages, inflation causes the area to fall deeper into poverty. Inflation is defined as a general increase in prices, not minimum wages. Therefore, understanding the measurements of poverty can led to exploring sufficient solution to help decline the poverty level in rural areas.

Over the decades, national and international organizations have focused on rural poverty without looking at urban poverty, which is the bigger challenge at the dawn of the century. It was not until the unrest caused by the misconduct of police in killing black men in Ferguson, Cleveland, Oakland, California, and Baltimore that the improvised lives of those living in urban cities came to light. Most of the minority groups in America’s big cities like New York, Philadelphia, and Kansas experience low education standards, unemployment, crime, urban diseases, high detention rates, and ghettoized housing patterns driving them to poverty (Lemons, 2015). In other cities in states like Florida, up to a third of the city population live below the federal

In Planet of Slums, Davis starts off by pointing out the fact that those living in cities accounts for more than half of the world population. He also mentions that perhaps for the first time in history the urban population of the earth will outnumber the rural. He goes on to describe this process with a somewhat negative statement titled “back to dickens” (Davis 11). How this new urban order comes with a price. There will be increasing inequality within and between cities of different sizes and economic specializations. The latest report of UN, “State of the World’s Cities 2008/2009 Harmonious Cities” support Davis claim that cities of different sizes and economic specialization will have increased inequality.

It’s well known that elevated and unrelenting poverty is excessively found in rural areas, with isolated rural areas experiencing the utmost poverty. Mammen and Lawrence (2006) state that time limits enforced by

Before this class I never gave a second to think about how and why people decide where to live. I thought people went looking for houses and bought the house they liked. I didn’t know all the other factors that went into finding a place to live. But truthfully I didn’t really care. I now believe the interaction of economic development strategies and spatial form in urban environments comes down to three things. It comes down to appealing to different people and cultures, segregation and inequality, and the three T’s of development (technology, talent, and tolerance).

Poverty has been present since the beginning of time. In society, a majority of individuals were once equal to each other, due to reliance on the environment. For instance, the hunter-gather lifestyle had either a hunter or gatherer where one would hunt wild animals for the essentials, while another individual would gather the necessities. However, life was not secure due to the chance of sudden climate change and reduction of prey being present. This resulted in an inadequate “build from response” rate, leading to the scarcity of the necessary essentials needed to survive. 1 Similar to the hunter-gatherer lifestyle was the farming era, where most civilians were living in poverty and relied on

Underdevelopment can also be, and has been, understood as a reflection or product of the economic, social, political and cultural characteristics of said country. Yet with a look at history we see that the underdevelopment of a “satellite” nation can be traced directly back to the past and current economic relations the nation has held with developed “metropoles”. This relationship between a metropolitan and satellite countries pertains back to the process and development of the world capitalist system, which benefits its Western

According to the chapter “What is Poverty?” in the booklet Poverty and Education, this takes the perspective of people in developed and developing countries. This seeks identify that poverty is the main contributor towards the lack of education and examines that education differs depending on income levels. As a result, a lot of families in developing countries don’t have access to education since they cannot afford it. However, people that live in more urbanized and developed regions, tend to have more access to education rather than people living in rural regions (Van Der Berg, 2008). This relates to the social structure and divide of a country. The more socially developed a

Indeed, the coercion of capital to exploit natural resources is possible only because it is supported by the conglomeration of powerful social actors behind it. According to Growth Machine Theories, syndication of vested interests (government, land owners, developers, real estate companies), which often claim themselves as “pro-growth” coalition, encourages local development through real estate business activities, while excluding the interest local population who previously occupy the sites for years (Rudel et al., 2011). Huge commercial farming scheme for the sake of development in rural areas is other typical of the oppression from outside of the local community which tries to stick the capital into certain local areas (). Since local community usually has no systematic organization to balance

In this book, it is found that the author manage to give detail explanations on each factors that is believed to cause poverty. The author makes progress and develops the ideas convincingly by providing adequate information based on statistical data and empirical evidences. In chapter four, the author argues that level of education affects the potential earnings of household. Indeed he writes, “The access to education expands the potential for human capital thereby enabling one to qualify for better-paid jobs” (29). To support his argument, the author proves it based on the results of the survey in which it is presented in table 4.1 that show the distribution of household heads based on the level of general education.