Urethritis Research Paper

Chlamydia can inflict pain when urinating and affect the reproductive organs (kidshealth, n.d) in both male and female. Chlamydia could lead to a long-term disease in the testicles and infertility in females. (Australian Government, 2013)

According to Sexual Conditions Health Center it is best to get tested for chlamydia twice a year since sometimes the symptoms can go unnoticed. When getting tested the doctor will test the person’s urine. Also the doctor will swab for fluids in the tip of the vagina or the penis. According to the sexually transmitted disease guide “Swabbing for fluids in the penis can be uncomfortable and can cause a burning sensation.”

The two types of urinary tract infections are infection of the bladder (Cystitis) and infection of the urethra (urethritis). Cystitis is a type of UTI which is caused by Escherichia coli, a type of bacteria that is normally found in the gastrointestinal tract (www.webmd.com). Although sexual intercourse can cause this type of urinary tract infection, it doesn’t necessarily mean that you have to be sexually active to develop it. Every female is at risk for this type of UTI due to the shortness of distance from the urethral opening to the bladder and the urethra to the anus.

Most urinary tract infections are primarily caused by bacteria that live in the bowel region of the body. The bacterium Escherichia coli, commonly referred to as “E. coli”, causes most UTIs. The urinary tract has several systems to prevent infection. The points where the ureters attach to the bladder act as only one way valves to prevent urine from moving back up toward the kidneys. Urination is intended to wash microbes and any infectious bacteria out of the body. In males, the prostate gland produces secretions that slow down bacterial growth in the urinary tract. In both woman and men, immune defenses try to prevent infections, but despite these safety procedures put in place by the body, infections still do occur in some individuals.

For example; for leukocyte esterase levels, nitrite levels, microscopic evaluation, and culture of urine is an important component in most cases. Broad-spectrum antibiotics are typically used. There are two main categories of bacterial urethritis: gonorrheal and nongonococcal. Gonorrheal urethritis is caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae and is associated with gonorrhea, a common STI. The term nongonococcal urethritis (NGU) refers to inflammation of the urethra that is unrelated to N. gonorrhoeae. In women, NGU is often asymptomatic. In men, NGU is typically a mild disease, but can lead to purulent discharge and dysuria. Because the symptoms are often mild or nonexistent, most infected individuals do not know that they are infected, yet they are carriers of the disease. Asymptomatic patients also have no reason to seek treatment, and although not common, untreated NGU can spread to the reproductive organs, causing pelvic inflammatory disease and salpingitis in women and epididymitis and prostatitis in men. Important bacterial pathogens that cause nongonococcal urethritis include Chlamydia trachomatis, Mycoplasma genitalium, Ureaplasma urealyticum, and Mycoplasma hominis. (Lumen Microbiology)

Passing urine more frequently than usual or have a feeling the urinate but unable to pass any thing or few drops only. Have a full bladder feeling even after urination or urine have a really bad smell, difference in colour being more dark, cloudy or bloody. The fever is another symptom commonly in young children the only symptom of UTI maybe fever as the lack of more obvious reasons. In the case of kidney infection the patient may also experience chills, back pain and lower abdominal pain. The common UTI symptoms in elderly person are usually missing but they may show change in mental status or fatigue as the

Often chlamydia will remain asymptomatic. Only an average of 10% of men and 5-30% of women develop symptoms. The most common symptom in women is cervicitis (inflammation of the cervix) or urethritis (inflammation of the urethra). If left untreated the infection can spread to the uterus or fallopian tubes, possibly resulting in pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). Pelvic inflammatory disease can damage the reproductive tract and cause infertility issues. In pregnant women, this STD can increase the chance of premature birth and complications such as pneumonia in the baby. Symptomatic men most often experience urethritis, and sometimes epididymitis, an inflammation of a tube near the testicles responsible for storing sperm. Both men and women can experience rectal pain or discharge. Lastly, both men and women can develop reactive arthritis that is accompanied by urethritis and conjunctivitis (pinkeye); combining to create “Reiter’s Syndrome.” Chlamydia can be transmitted via contact with infected persons’ penis, vagina, anus, or mouth. Alternately, it can be spread from a pregnant woman to her baby during birth. The systems at risk of being affected by chlamydia are the reproductive systems of both men and women (reproductive tract, epididymis), urinary system (urethra), and even skeleton system as with reactive arthritis. Chlamydia can be readily cured with antibiotics. Any damage done by the disease, such as damage contracted during a bout of pelvic inflammatory disease, will remain after treatment. Anyone who has contracted chlamydia before should aim to prevent recurring infections, as multiple infections can increase the risk for complications such as pelvic inflammatory disease or ectopic

The clinical complaints of uncomplicated lower UTI usually include urinary frequency, urinary urgency, dysuria, burning sensation when urination, hematuria, suprapubic pain, etc (Mehnert-Kay, 2005). When upper urinary tract is involved, patient presents with fever, chills, flank pain, costovertebral angle tenderness, nausea, or vomiting (Mehnert-Kay, 2005). The urine tests of UTI include urine dipstick, urinalysis, and urine culture and sensitivity. The urine dipstick can detect leukocyte esterase, nitrites, blood, glucose, and protein. The urinalysis exams RBCs, WBCs, bacteria, WBC casts, color, glucose, ketone, protein, bilirubin, and etc. The urine culture and sensitivity detects which bacteria patient is infected and which antibiotic is sensitive. According to Haddock (2015), nitrates are wastes for Gram-negative bacterial metabolism and leucocyte esterase is the products of white blood cells in response to inflammation. Based on patient’s HPI and lab reports, H.L. is diagnosed with urinary tract infection (uncomplicated lower

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) commonly occur in the bladder (cystitis) or urethra (urethritis), but may also happen in the kidneys (acute pyelonephritis). UTIs occur more often in women than in men as women have a shorter distance from their urethra to anus, and also because their urethra is shorter than men’s giving the bacteria less of a distance to travel. Other risk factors may include sexual activity, especially if one has a new partner as they carry potentially new bacteria. Certain types of birth control, menopause, and those who use catheters are also at a greater risk of UTIs. Symptoms one may experience if they have a UTI are frequently urinating small amounts, urine that is cloudy and/or discolored (especially tinted pink or red

Urine comes from the kidney to the bladder inside the ureter. The bladder is a stretchy muscle, which expands as urine (a combination of urea, water, and waste products) fills it up. It is surrounded by a detrusor muscle, which is relaxed whist the bladder fills up, and when we urinate, it compresses, to get all the urine out. The urethra is a tube located underneath the bladder, until the outside of our body, ahead of the vagina. The urethra contains two sphincter muscles, the internal one, which is controlled by the body on its own. And the external sphincter, also known as distal sphincter, which is controlled by the the pedonal nerve, in the voluntary nervous system. These muscles are normally closed and tense, whilst urinating, the sphincter

The causes include inadequate fluid intake, diet, heredity, anatomical abnormalities of the urinary tract and chronic urinary tract infections (UTIs). Furthermore,

Urinary tract infection (UTI) uncomplicated, infection of the urinary tract that produces the symptoms pain, most common, hesitancy, urgency, frequency and discomfort during urination. The client may describe a sense of bladder fullness and urine may display color change and have an odor. The patient’s exam will show CVA tenderness. Although the patient reports frequency, he indicates that there is no pain present or discomfort along with hesitancy during urination. Risk factor for UTI is STD. Urinary symptoms are not the symptoms present within E.T., there are a number of other symptoms that require attention which makes this diagnosis highly unlikely.

Gonorrhea is an infection caused by a sexually transmitted bacterium that can infect both males and females. Gonorrhea most often affects the urethra, rectum or throat. In females, gonorrhea can also infect the cervix. Gonorrhea infection causes no symptoms. When symptoms do appear, gonorrhea infection can affect multiple sites in your body, but it commonly appears in the genital tract. Signs and symptoms of gonorrhea infection in men include, painful urination, pus-like discharge from the tip of the penis and pain or swelling in one testicle. In women include, increased vaginal discharge, painful urination, vaginal bleeding between periods, such as after vaginal intercourse, abdominal pain and pelvic pain. To determine whether the gonorrhea bacterium is present in your body, your doctor will analyze a sample of cells. Samples can be collected by urine test. This may help identify bacteria in your urethra and swab of affected area. A swab of your throat, urethra, vagina or rectum may collect bacteria that can be identified in a laboratory. Adults with gonorrhea are treated with

Urinary tract infection is an infection of the kidney, ureter, bladder, and/or urethra. Usually, patients’ lower urinary tract, such as the bladder and the urethra, get infected more often. UTI is more common in females than males because the females’ urinary tract is much closer to the outer layers of the skin than males. In other words, women are more likely get UTI due their urethra and vagina are closer to their anus, which makes it more susceptible to infection caused by E-coli bacteria from the anus (CCBC).

Blood tests can include a complete blood count (CBC), blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine and a blood culture. Urine tests include a urinalysis and a urine culture. All of these tests help to determine pyonephrosis (Chris, n.d.).