Urinalysis Lab Report Essay

There are many reasons for identifying an unknown bacterium. The reasons range from medical purposes, such as determining if the unknown could cause ailments in living things or knowing what microorganisms are needed to make antibiotics. The experiment was done by applying methods in order to identify an unknown bacterium.

The purpose of the experiment was to help us better understand how water, Coke and Gatorade effected the renal system. The goal was to test and see if my hypothesis were correct regarding the urine specific gravity, urine flow rate, and presents of reagents using the Labstix. My hypothesis for this experiment was that the Gatorade drinkers will have the highest urine flow rate and that non-drinkers would have the highest urine specific gravity. Water is hypo-osmotic and coke contains a high amount of sugar making it hyperosmotic relative to plasma. Gatorade consists of large amounts of electrolytes making it iso-osmatic relative to the plasma. Based on these characteristics of the consumed substances, we are able to study the hormonal effects on the average UFR and USG.

2. Which of the lab values gives you information about how Mrs. Burroughs’ kidneys are functioning?

1.What are some of the advantages and disadvantages of the current health care system in the United States?

|EMB Agar | |Distinguishes bacteria that ferment |Dark blue colonies with|E. coli and P. |

groups. It was conducted to further the research in choice overload and paralysis of the mind.

Table 1 Concentration of protein, DNA, and ratio of the two in heart, kidney and liver of bos taurus. Average standard deviation of protein concentration is also shown.

The purpose of the “chi-square test” was to see if our data was in an acceptable range of a specific ratio listed above. The chi-square test took into account the expected deviations in the F2 offspring’s alleles.

The Congo red solution is used to mimic blood and the yellow food color mimics the excretory product of the kidney. When a mixture of Congo red, yellow food color and water were mixed and taken in a dialysis bag, the yellow food color diffuses out into the surrounding water in which the dialysis bag is suspended. At the end of the experiment, the contents in the dialysis bag represent the blood; the contents of the beaker represent the urine formed. The beaker has a slight yellow tinge that results from the yellow food color.

Results Class data was compiled and the information for specific gravity, rate of urine formation, concentration of NaCl, total NaCl, and pH of urine was analyzed graphs were synthesized. In all figures, BL represents the baseline sample recorded directly before subject consumed any water or sodium bicarbonate. Additionally, T1 represents treatment 1 results recorded approximately 45 minutes after consumption and T2 is treatment 2 results, recorded approximately after T1. As seen in Figure 1, the specific gravity of subject one decreased after consumption of 800mL of water and between T1 and T2, stayed constant.

The lab objective was to determine the correct blood urea nitrogen (BUN) concentrations. A spectrophotometer was used to measure the serum samples. This test is designed to measure the amount of nitrogen the blood that comes from the urea – a byproduct made when protein is broken down. It is a test that is used to determine how well a patient’s kidneys are working. BUN levels rise when the kidneys are unable to properly remove the urea from the blood. Liver problems can cause a lower BUN level while heart problems and poor dietary habits can cause higher Bun levels. The degree of protein catabolism influences the serum concentration of urea nitrogen, not renal function or urine

Cystatin-C concentration is not influenced by age, sex, or protein ingestion, inflammation and muscle mass. Because of its low molecular mass (approx. 13.3kDa) and its positive charge at physiological pH, Cystatin-C easily crosses the glomerular filter. After filtration, the proximal tubular cells reabsorb and catabolize virtually all of the filtered Cystatin-C, which means that plasma/serum levels are dependent on GFR. There is no need to measure urine levels to get a true GFR estimation as there is no other endogenous source of

Diabetic Nephropathy or Diabetic Kidney Disease is a syndrome that has been generally defined as disease in which there is increased protein excretion in urine. It is commonly characterized by the presence of pathological quantities of albumin in urine that is excreted from the patient’s body, diabetic glomerular lesions, and loss of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in diabetics. It can be categorized into stages: microalbuminuria and macroalbuminuria. The early stage is usually characterized by a small increase in urinary albumin excretion (UAE), and it is also called microalbuminuria or incipient Diabetic nephropathy while a more advanced disease that is characterized by the presence of proteinuria is called macroalbuminuria or overt Diabetic

People with a solitary kidney should therefore be monitored carefully for signs of impaired kidney function. They should undergo regular testing for protein in the urine, an indicator that the kidney is leaking protein from the blood into the urine due to impaired function. The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) should also be regularly tested. The glomeruli are tiny tubules in the kidney that filter the blood and an estimate of the glomerular filtration rate reflects how well this filtering process is

participant in sterilized urine containers and used to determine albumin in 24 h urine specimen. The urine levels of the biomarkers were normalized to the urinary creatinine concentration to control for variations in hydration status. Serum and urinary TNF-α: serum levels were measured by an enzyme-linked immune absorbent assay (ELISA) using commercially available standard kits (Quantikine high-sensitivity human TNF-α Research & Diagnostic Systems, Europe Ltd, Abington, UK). The urinary concentration of TNF-α was determined using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with a Human TNF-α Quantikine ELISA kit (DTA00C; R&D systems, Minneapolis, MN, USA). The study protocol was approved by the Ethical Committee of Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University and informed written consent was obtained from each individual. Statistical analyses Were performed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences for Windows (version 22.0; SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Data were expressed using descriptive statistic (mean ± standard deviation) and were analyzed. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) test was done to compare different parameters between more than two groups. Pearson correlation coefficient was used to assess the association between serum and urinary TNF-α levels, clinical, biochemical tests and other studied metabolic parameters in patients with diabetic nephropathy. P-values were considered significant if < 0.05).On the other hand there were no significant