Urinalysis Lab Report

The purpose of the experiment was to help us better understand how water, Coke and Gatorade effected the renal system. The goal was to test and see if my hypothesis were correct regarding the urine specific gravity, urine flow rate, and presents of reagents using the Labstix. My hypothesis for this experiment was that the Gatorade drinkers will have the highest urine flow rate and that non-drinkers would have the highest urine specific gravity. Water is hypo-osmotic and coke contains a high amount of sugar making it hyperosmotic relative to plasma. Gatorade consists of large amounts of electrolytes making it iso-osmatic relative to the plasma. Based on these characteristics of the consumed substances, we are able to study the hormonal effects on the average UFR and USG.

The job of a kidney is to filter the blood and get rid of waste products; it also balances levels of electrolyte in the body, it controlling blood pressure, and stimulates the production of red blood cells. Your kidneys filter wastes and excess fluids from your blood, which then exit your body

The function of ureters is to enter the urinary bladder at an angle to help prevent any back flow (reflux) of urine back into the ureter. The ureter connects the kidney to the urinary bladder and urine is drained from the kidney and stored in the bladder it’s a passage through which urine passes from kidneys to the urinary bladder.

Consequently, the efferent arteriole, which filters blood away from the glomerulus, is tinier in diameter than the afferent arteriole, which carries blood into each glomerulus. This puts blood under high pressure in the glomerulus; thus it forces tiny molecules and liquid out of the capillary and into the Bowman’s capsule. Soon afterwards, the tiny and liquid molecules cross the epithelium of the Bowman’s capsule, the basement membrane and capillary wall in order to get into the Bowman’s capsule and to arrive in the nephron tubules. The consequence of this is that the filtrate (the tiny and liquid molecules) pass along the remainder of the nephron and helpful substances are reabsorbed along the route. Last of all, “the filtrate flows through the collecting duct and passes out of the kidney along the ureter” as mentioned by (Parson’s, R: p128).

C. What is the function of the ureter? How does the structure support this function?

The Congo red solution is used to mimic blood and the yellow food color mimics the excretory product of the kidney. When a mixture of Congo red, yellow food color and water were mixed and taken in a dialysis bag, the yellow food color diffuses out into the surrounding water in which the dialysis bag is suspended. At the end of the experiment, the contents in the dialysis bag represent the blood; the contents of the beaker represent the urine formed. The beaker has a slight yellow tinge that results from the yellow food color.

According to Patton and Thibodeau (2012), the kidneys are a pair of bean-shaped organs found along the posterior muscular wall of the abdominal cavity. The convex side of each kidney is located laterally and the concave side medial. The renal hilum on the concave side is the point where the renal artery enters, the vein and ureter leave the kidney. Deep to the perirenal fat, the kidney is surrounded by fibrous connective tissue called the renal capsule. Deep to the renal capsule is the renal cortex, which surrounds the renal medulla with their apexes facing inward toward the centre of the kidney. Nephrons, the basic structural and functional unit that filters blood to produce urine, are located within the cortex and medulla. The minor calyces that collects urine are connected to the papilla of each pyramid, and merge to form major calyces, which further merge into the renal pelvis. Urine drains into the ureter at the renal hilum where renal pelvis exits the kidney (Brenner, 2007).

The renal system also known as the urinary systems purpose is to eliminate wastes from the body, regulate blood pressure, and regulate blood pH.

In the human body, there are systems that provide different functions and help the body to operate more efficiently. The urinary system is one in particular designed to help the body remain free of excess that we no longer need. “The urinary tract is the drainage system used for removing wastes and extra water. The urinary tract includes two kidneys, two ureters, a bladder, and a urethra. The kidneys are a pair of “bean-shaped” organs, each about the size of a fist. The kidneys are located below the ribs, one on each side of the spine, towards the middle of the back.” (NIDDK, 2013) Every several minutes, your kidneys filter around three ounces of blood, also then removing wastes and extra water. That extra water and

Seeing how the results of each urine sample do not match the characteristics of healthy urine, it should be noted that all samples tested throughout the lab experiment each contain problems caused by diseases existing in the kidneys. To start, sample W comprises of one common scenario that indicates the presence of a kidney condition - that is the high concentrations of the macromolecule glucose that were found. When significant amounts of glucose are detected in urinalysis, it is most likely that the individual has a case of diabetes, notably type 1 and type 2. Complications arise when excessive amounts of glucose take up the liver. To illustrate, due to the large size of the glucose molecule, in comparison to other molecules that the kidneys filter, it harms the

In a patient who has glomerulonephritis, a value of 30(+) for proteins appears and large amounts of blood can be found. There is also traces of ketones and a smaller amount of bilirubin. The values for leukocytes, nitrite, urobilinogen, pH, specific gravity and glucose remain the same as the healthy patients. In continuance, an individual with type 2 diabetes mellitus will show tests outcomes that match the outcomes of a healthy patient, but they will have traces of ketones in their urine as well as no bilirubin and large amounts of glucose [250(+)]. A patient who is dehydrated also displays similar results to a healthy patient, with the exception of the pH being much more basic (8.5), proteins being traced in their urine, no bilirubin being present and a decrease in specific gravity (1.005).

The participants of group 1, which consumed the hypotonic solution to blood plasma, experienced decreased ADH and increased ANH secretion. The ADH secretion decreased because the intake of a high volume of pure water lowered the plasma osmolality and heightened the vascular volume. The increase in vascular volume also increased ANH secretion. Therefore, group 1 had the highest UPR and total water output, and the lowest SG and NaCl concentrations in their urine (Figure 1, 2, 3, and 6). Also, due to ANH secretion, group 1 had the highest total NaCl output (Figure 5). Group 2 had increased ANH and decreased ADH secretion, due to the intake of high volume, but experienced no change in osmolarity because the solution was isotonic to the blood plasma. This lead to an increase in the UPR, total water output and, due to ANH secretion, lead to an increase in salt output of the urine (Figure 1, 5 and 6). Group 3 experienced an increase in salt concentration, as they received the hypertonic solution, in relation to blood plasma. The consumption of this solution signaled the secretion of ADH, but since the volume of the solution (only 90ml), did not significantly disrupt the vascular volume, it did not initiate ANH secretion. The increase in ADH secretion lowered the the UPR and total water output for group 3, but caused a higher SG and NaCl concentration and output (Figures 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6). Even

Perform a urinalysis when possible to find levels of Specific Gravity (how concentrated the urine is), pH, Protein, Blood, Nitrites, Leukocytes, Ketones, Glucose and Bilirubin. The results of this test can help identify any possible impairment in renal function and identify the presence of an infection (Vera, 2011).

For this lab every student had to participate. Before the experiment started every participant had to fast for 4 hours. The time period for the experiment was from 12:00pm till 3:00pm. In the beginning of the experiment every participant received a sterol cup for the urine sample. During this experiment individual subjects had to empty their bladder every half an hour. To begin everyone began the initial urine specimen and half an hour later

There is a pair of kidneys in the human body. They are situated towards the back of the body under the ribs, just at the level of the waist where one on either side of the body. Each kidney is composed of about one million units which are called nephrons and each nephron consists of two parts: a filter which is called the glomerulus and a tubule leading out from the nephron (Cameron 1999). According to Marshall and Bangert (2008) the kidneys have three major functions. Firstly, the kidneys are excretion of waste from plasma in the blood. The second function is that, they maintain of extracellular fluid volume and composition. Lastly, the kidneys have a role in hormone synthesis.