Urinary Tract Infection

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC] (2017), “Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are the fourth most common type of healthcare-associated infection, with an estimated 93,300 UTIs in acute care hospitals in 2011. UTIs additionally account for more than 12% of infections reported by acute care hospitals. Virtually all healthcare-associated UTIs are caused by instrumentation of the urinary tract” (p. 7-1).

This literature review essay will demonstrate a review of four different research articles and research related methodology The articles and review are based on the prevention of Catheter-associated Urinary Tract Infection (UTI). The aim of this literature review is to review publications concerning the management of Catheter-related to UTI 's including the prevention. Articles reviewed include the various precaution and preventions concerning Catheter-associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI) The article evidence summarized bellow was generated using a literature search conducted for Randomised Controlled Trials, Systemic Review or quantitative and qualitative research.

Most urinary tract infections are primarily caused by bacteria that live in the bowel region of the body. The bacterium Escherichia coli, commonly referred to as “E. coli”, causes most UTIs. The urinary tract has several systems to prevent infection. The points where the ureters attach to the bladder act as only one way valves to prevent urine from moving back up toward the kidneys. Urination is intended to wash microbes and any infectious bacteria out of the body. In males, the prostate gland produces secretions that slow down bacterial growth in the urinary tract. In both woman and men, immune defenses try to prevent infections, but despite these safety procedures put in place by the body, infections still do occur in some individuals.

According to the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2015), urinary tract infections (UTIs) are among the most prevalent healthcare associated infections with 93,300 healthcare related UTIs diagnosed in 2011. Seventy five percent of healthcare acquired UTIs are catheter associated urinary tract infections (CAUTI). Because of this, major efforts, including the creation of preventive guidelines, have been made worldwide to reduce the numbers of these infections. These guidelines center on using catheters only when they are needed and only for as long as they are needed. They include specific situations in which catheters should be used which mostly include operative procedures or medical situations that would require

Keywords: catheter-associated urinary tract infections, CAUTI, urinary tract infection, UTI, Foley catheter infection, infection control

A urinary tract infection (UTI) is an infection involving any part of the urinary system, which includes the urethra, bladder, ureters, and kidneys. UTIs are the most common type of healthcare-associated infection (HAI). Between 15-25% of hospitalized patients receive urinary catheters during their hospital stay (Drekonja, 2010, p. 31). A urinary catheter is a drainage tube that is inserted into the bladder through the urethra. A catheter-associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI) occurs when bacteria enters the urinary tract through the catheter and causes infection. Common signs of UTIs are urgency, frequency and dysuria. These voiding symptoms will not be present in patients with indwelling catheters. Symptoms that may help classifying a CAUTI would be fever or hypothermia, suprapubic tenderness, or costovertebral angle pain or tenderness (Tillekeratne, 2014, p. 13). Catheter-associated urinary tract infections cause increased healthcare costs, length of stay, morbidity, and mortality. Infections can be acquired in many ways such as, on insertion of the catheter via cross contamination or accidental catheterization into the vagina, not ensuring aseptic technique, catheter care and maintenance, and cross-contamination when emptying the drainage bags. There are many ways to decrease the risk of catheter-associated UTIs and nurses play a major role in reducing these risks in order to prevent harm and save lives. To improve clinical care and reduce the risks of

The scope, history, and duration of catheter associated urinary tract infections is reviewed. The scope of catheter associated urinary tract infections is when an individual acquires an infection that has been caused by the insertion of a catheter. The individual may have had the catheter in place for a short period of time and acquired it upon insertion related to the lack of sterile technique. However, the individual also may have had the catheter in place over a long period of time and acquired an infection. Roger, Feneley, Hopley, and Wells (2015) explain that the body’s natural flora is disrupted from ascending in the urinary tract and colonizing a bacterial infection during normal bladder emptying. However, if a catheter is in place this allows for easy ascending bacteria to colonize and form an infection, and

Urinary tract infections prevention bundle has been identified as the most effective evidence practice based program that uses different approach prevention practice that can be hospital and long term healthcare system selected and used by all health care providers. (Blanck, Donahue, Brentlinger, Stinger, Polito, 2014, & Gray, 2016). Including Patients, families, administrators and health care teams are all would like to prevent hospital acquired infection and increase patient’s safety in hospitals (Fink, et al., 2012) If the administrators do not adhere to the policy to Prevent and reduce hospital acquired infection the health care system would loss reimbursement this would affect all healthcare system financially. (Peasah, et al.,2013). Identifying the cause of urinary tract infections and starting right treatment on time would reduce harm to patients and increase positive outcome for the patients (Alexander, et al.,

Urinary tract infection is a more common bacterial infection in women than men because women have shorter urethra where bacteria can migrate up and cause an infection.1 Majority of the infections are caused by E. coli, but can also be caused by Enterobacter, K. pnemoniae, and other Staphylococci.2 Women may contract the infections due to sexual intercourse, pregnancy, insertion of catheter into the urinary bladder, diabetes, history of antibiotic use and many more.1 They can be asymptomatic or symptomatic by experiencing fever, nausea, dysuria, urgency to urinate, or abdominal pain. Antibiotics such as sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (Bactrim) and nitrofurantoin (Macrobid) are the choice for treating urinary tract infections (UTIs)

Of these patients, approximately 3% will develop bacteremia. The 1997 APIC/SHEA position paper on urinary tract infections in long-term care (LTC) identifies CAUTI as the most common infection in LTC residents, with a bacteriuria prevalence without indwelling catheters of 25% to 50% for women, and 15% to 40% for men. Therefore, usage of indwelling urinary catheters in residents of LTC facilities can be expected to

Urinary tract infection refers to the presence of microbial pathogens within the urinary tract and can be divided into uncomplicated and complicated depending upon the anatomical and pathophysiological elements of the urinary tract. Infection of the intact, normally functional tract is usually classified as uncomplicated infection. When there is urinary tract abnormalities such as an obstruction, or the patient is predisposed to the infection, it is referred to as complicated [4]. UTI is usually classified by the site of infection (infection of the bladder, cystitis; infection of the kidney, pyelonephritis; or of the urine, bacteriuria) [4]. Uropathogens are likely to colonize anatomical and functional urinary tract, however, individuals with

Urinary tract infection (UTI) uncomplicated, infection of the urinary tract that produces the symptoms pain, most common, hesitancy, urgency, frequency and discomfort during urination. The client may describe a sense of bladder fullness and urine may display color change and have an odor. The patient’s exam will show CVA tenderness. Although the patient reports frequency, he indicates that there is no pain present or discomfort along with hesitancy during urination. Risk factor for UTI is STD. Urinary symptoms are not the symptoms present within E.T., there are a number of other symptoms that require attention which makes this diagnosis highly unlikely.

Thank you for including the considerations for comfortable bowel care, antipyretics, analgesics, and anti-inflammatories. Considering that the incidence for diagnosis increases to 50% of older men, the impact to daily life could be dramatic (McCance & Huether, 2014). Due to the fact the acute bacterial prostatitis is associated with a bladder infection and caused by the same infecting organism, urine cultures can validate for the practitioner that the most appropriate antibiotic was used as well as identifying any innate resistances (McCance & Huether, 2014). There are times when the initial urine samples are negative for bacteria, a massage of the prostate will produce the causative bacteria for culture (McCance & Huether, 2014).

Reporter noted Amanda needs to be seen by a doctor due to her incontinent issues that occurs everyday. This has been going on for two years or longer. Reporter noted they believe she is has a urinary tract infection or some other issue. Reporter noted she was on medication in the past but the mother doesn’t get her prescription filled. Reporter noted the mother is also non-compliant with follow-up appointments. Reporter noted she noticed on Amanda’s neck (close to her chest area) there was a mark which was in its healing stage. Amanda reports her mother spanked her with a belt because she urinated on herself. She also reported her mother spanked her sister (Shantraneika) and she has a similar mark on her back. They received a spanking because

Urinary tract infections (UTI) is a disorder of the urinary system. Urinary tract infections take second place in the category of most common infections in the body. They are caused when bacteria infringes upon and multiplies in the urinary tract. The urethra is the point of entry for bacteria. Women are susceptible to UTI’s than men due to the shortness of the female urethra compared to the length of the male urethra.