Urinary Tract Infection (UTI

Urinary Tract Infections (UTI) are miserable. Recurrent ones are a whole other level of misery. But, you don't have to just resign yourself to suffering. Many people have managed to stop having a UTI every time they turn around by making changes to their diet and hygiene habits.

A sample of the patients bacteria causing the urinary tract infection can only be used if a urine sample is bacteriologically viable (1 Radar). Infected urine and sterile urine are common samples used for the diagnosis of patients (1 Radar). It is important to gain further knowledge of multiple organisms’ resistance to antibiotics that cause urinary tract infections (1Radar). Escherichia coli has distinct characteristics and structures that help identify their unique properties (2 Johnson). Escherichia coli is the most common and most prevalent bacteria present in the fecal flora of the human colon (2 Johnson). Because of Escherichia coli unique ability to overcome the obstacles of a new environment, it makes easy for bacteria to spread into the urinary tract and produce a discomforting infection (2 Johnson). All research conducted lead to the belief that Escherichia coli was the Enterobacteriaceae pathogen causing the UTI in the patient. In order to confirm this prediction a set of differential tests and biochemical test must be conducted.

E.coli was the cause of UTIs. E.coli was difficult to treat because as soon a patient would reach the hospital the bacteria would have already reached the bloodstream.

The four specific databases that were used in this research are, Cinahl, Medline, Joanna Briggs and Cochrane Library. All of these databases were chosen because they provided up to date peer reviewed evidence that was relevant to the search terms. This ensures that the evidence that was found was relevant and reliable. The Cinahl website was useful to gather background information on the topic such as how a UTI is contracted and how it effects the body. The Cochrane Library and Medline website was useful to because it gave specific information on studies that had already been done by other researchers. This helped to ensure that the study that is being undertaken was searching for the right results.

Urinary tract infection also referred to as UTI is the second most common infection in the body. The urinary tract system in your body which includes the bladder and kidneys makes urine and carries it out of your body. When germs get into the urinary tract system an infection is typically formed. UTI’s are usually caused when unwanted bacteria enters through the urethra and begins to multiply (www.mayoclinic.org). The bacteria that are normally found in the large intestine and feces are the most common source of a UTI. Sexual intercourse is one of the common causes of urinary tract infections for women, causing bacteria to move up into the urinary tract. Sometimes in a hospital setting a patient who is on a catheter can also get a urinary tract infection.

UTI’s (urinary tract infection) are an infection to the urinary system. There caused by certain bacteria

Most urinary tract infections are not serious, but some infections if left untreated can lead to serious problems. Some urinary infections can travel to the kidneys. Chronic kidney

UTI is an infection of the urethra, bladder, ureters and kidneys that occurs when bacteria gain access to the urinary system (Dailly, 2011). This makes a patient's urine to contain bacteria during a laboratory test, and this bacteria is more prone to being active when

When a person contracts a UTI, drugs are usually the first thing taken to try to get rid of the UTI. But, in recent studies, e.coli’s resistance to common UTI drugs is rising. Veronique Greenwood conducted a study in 2012 that showed the rise in drug resistance of e.coli bacterias. The study showed a 14% increase in resistance in the drug ciprofloxacin, a 6% increase in trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, the two most prescribed drugs. As the e.coli becomes resistant to these drugs, large problems can arise for many people. For instance, when the drugs become fully ineffective, a large population of people can become sick from the e.coli bacteria, or become harmed from the toxic drugs doctors would have moved onto. Also, is the bacteria is left untreated, the infection can spread from the urinary tract to the bladder and eventually to the kidneys causing kidney failure. In brief, whether contracted from a fecal incident, or unsanitized food, e.coli can be extremely dangerous and can result in a sickness or

Complicated UTI occurs in the presence of a foreign body, for example, catheters or calculi, or in patients with impeded urinary tract structure or function, as is the case with urinary obstruction, pregnancy, immunosuppression; or retention due to neurologic debilitation (Hooton, 2012)& (Levison et al 2013).

A urinary tract infection (UTI) is an infection involving any part of the urinary system, which includes the urethra, bladder, ureters, and kidneys. UTIs are the most common type of healthcare-associated infection (HAI). Between 15-25% of hospitalized patients receive urinary catheters during their hospital stay (Drekonja, 2010, p. 31). A urinary catheter is a drainage tube that is inserted into the bladder through the urethra. A catheter-associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI) occurs when bacteria enters the urinary tract through the catheter and causes infection. Common signs of UTIs are urgency, frequency and dysuria. These voiding symptoms will not be present in patients with indwelling catheters. Symptoms that may help classifying a CAUTI would be fever or hypothermia, suprapubic tenderness, or costovertebral angle pain or tenderness (Tillekeratne, 2014, p. 13). Catheter-associated urinary tract infections cause increased healthcare costs, length of stay, morbidity, and mortality. Infections can be acquired in many ways such as, on insertion of the catheter via cross contamination or accidental catheterization into the vagina, not ensuring aseptic technique, catheter care and maintenance, and cross-contamination when emptying the drainage bags. There are many ways to decrease the risk of catheter-associated UTIs and nurses play a major role in reducing these risks in order to prevent harm and save lives. To improve clinical care and reduce the risks of

Bacterial urinary tract infections represent the most common type of nosocomial infections. Often, the ability of bacteria to both establish and maintain these infections are directly related to biofilm formation on indwelling devices or within the urinary tract itself (30). Enterococci (especially E. faecalis) are one of the main causative agents of urinary tract infection and Catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs) besides gram-negative pathogens (31, 32). In these infections Biofilm provides a favorable milieu for microbial survival within the host as the organisms are shielded from the host immune response, as well as antibiotics and antimicrobial agents (33, 34). Several studies conducted to introduce main virulence genes of enterococci that are associated with biofilm formation in these bacteria (11, 13,-17), but virulence mechanism and related genes for biofilm formation are not well understood (35). In this study we investigated biofilm formation of clinical enterococci isolates isolated from Urinary tract infections. These strains were characterized for presence of adhesions and secretory virulence factors. Isolates had diverse presence of virulence from lack to highest amount of virulence genes. Several previous studies investigated relation of virulence genes and biofilm formation, especially presence of esp and gel. Enterococci esp has been implicated as a contributing factor in colonization and persistence of infection within the urinary tract

small to be seen without a microscope. Urinary Tract Infection is also abbreviated as UTI. UTI is often caused by bacteria. It is most commonly infected by humans and commonly in the bladder and urthera, which is located in the lower tract and in the upper tract it’s uterus and kidneys. However the upper tract UTIs is more rare than lower tract UTIs because of the kidney. They’re also generally more severe.

The urinary tract naturally flushes away bacteria that are present in the urethra. However, an abundance of bacteria present can overcome the flushing power of the urinary tract and begin to grow. There are species of non-pathogenic bacteria that inhabit the urinary tract and result in no symptoms for the individual. A problem arises when pathogenic bacteria enter the urinary tract and are not flushed away, this results in a urinary tract infection (UTI) (Foxman and Schaeffer, 2011).

The symptomatic urinary tract infection can be uncomplicated or complicated. Uncomplicated urinary tract infection is a symptomatic urinary tract infection characterized by frequency, urgency, dysuria, or supra pubic pain in a woman with a normal genitourinary tract.3 Complicated urinary tract infection, is also a symptomatic urinary infection in a women with functional or structural abnormalities of the genitourinary tract which involve either the bladder or kidneys.4