Urinary Tract Infections

The Florida Hospital Association has sponsored a project for the infection control of home care patients. In this project, the professionals and agencies had learnt about the occurrence of urinary tract infections and central-line infections. The author has

Urinary Tract Infections (UTI) are miserable. Recurrent ones are a whole other level of misery. But, you don't have to just resign yourself to suffering. Many people have managed to stop having a UTI every time they turn around by making changes to their diet and hygiene habits.

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC] (2017), “Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are the fourth most common type of healthcare-associated infection, with an estimated 93,300 UTIs in acute care hospitals in 2011. UTIs additionally account for more than 12% of infections reported by acute care hospitals. Virtually all healthcare-associated UTIs are caused by instrumentation of the urinary tract” (p. 7-1).

Urinary tract infections are one of the most hospital-acquired infections in the country. With so much technology and evidence based practice, why is this still an ongoing problem worldwide? Could it simply be the basics of hygiene or just patient negligence? The purpose of this paper is to identify multiple studies that have been done to reduce or prevent hospital associated urinary tract infections. In these articles you will find the use of different interventions that will aid in lowering the risk of these hospital acquired infections.

First, neurological disorders can occur, as seen with Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease, which can lead to neurogenic bladder (“Neurology/Neurogenic Bladder,” 2017). Next, physiological disorders can occur as seen with enlarged prostate in men or shortening of the urethra in women (Jaipaul, 2017). Anticipating the above changes appropriately will aid in understanding what leads to urinary retention in older adults, the resulting need of catheterizations, and the CAUTIs that can follow. Having a foundation to build on, it would be beneficial to explore what nurses can do prevent urinary tract infections in patients who require catheterization.

Nursing research offers the scientific foundation for the practice of the profession. “In order for nursing to be at the forefront of knowledge generation and address societal issues and health care, nursing research must be relevant to health and illness situations, scientifically rigorous, and readily translatable into practice and health policy”(Potempa & Tilden, 2004). Catheter associated urinary tract infections (CA-UTIs), accounts for almost 40% of all nosocomial infections, which result in increased morbidity, mortality, and costs and, it is one of the most common health care- associated infections in acute care area. The study existed in this paper discourses the influence of the 2008 nonpayment policy of the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) on catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs) from the viewpoint of infection preventionists.

The patient and their families must be aware of the infection, the source of infection, signs and symptoms, treatments, and measures to apply at home to decrease their risk of receiving an infection. Because geriatric patients are incontinent they may need a catheter in place to help remove their urine. Nurses must perform aseptic technique, wearing proper gloves when inserting or removing device. Another way to help reduce the risk of elderly urinary tract infections would be to avoid or remove catheter soon as possible. Once patients are cleared for discharge they must be aware of the steps to take to insure proper bladder

UTI’s is an all too common problem that causes unnecessary distress to patients and delays their recovery during their hospital stay. All healthcare professionals should adhere to these good practice points that could reduce the risk of UTI’s and assure staff that they are demonstrating best practice in their care.

The four specific databases that were used in this research are, Cinahl, Medline, Joanna Briggs and Cochrane Library. All of these databases were chosen because they provided up to date peer reviewed evidence that was relevant to the search terms. This ensures that the evidence that was found was relevant and reliable. The Cinahl website was useful to gather background information on the topic such as how a UTI is contracted and how it effects the body. The Cochrane Library and Medline website was useful to because it gave specific information on studies that had already been done by other researchers. This helped to ensure that the study that is being undertaken was searching for the right results.

Authors suggested that the accurate diagnosis of a UTI will play a role in the cost-effective medical care and appropriate antimicrobial utilization. The objective of the article is to summarize the top ten, misconceptions of UTI that result in extraneous testing and antimicrobial treatment. This article is well organized, consist of an abstract, introduction, list the myths with mistaken beliefs pertaining to diagnosis, a discussion and conclusion. One reason this article was of an interesting choosing was, due to myth number, “falls and acute altered mental status changes in the elderly patient are usually caused by UTI.” The article suggests that elderly patients with acute mental status changes accompanied by bacteriuria, pyuria without clinical instability or other signs or symptoms of UTI can reasonably be observed for resolution of confusion for 24-48 hours without antibiotics, which searching for other causes. The article describes in detail that elderly patients with acute mental status change and functional decline are nonspecific and are clinical manifestation of several circumstances such as, dehydration, hypoxia, and ploy-pharmacy adverse reaction. In the discussion section, the article also suggests that an increase in education and evidence-based guidelines aimed at physicians, advance practice

Urinary tract infection also referred to as UTI is the second most common infection in the body. The urinary tract system in your body which includes the bladder and kidneys makes urine and carries it out of your body. When germs get into the urinary tract system an infection is typically formed. UTI’s are usually caused when unwanted bacteria enters through the urethra and begins to multiply (www.mayoclinic.org). The bacteria that are normally found in the large intestine and feces are the most common source of a UTI. Sexual intercourse is one of the common causes of urinary tract infections for women, causing bacteria to move up into the urinary tract. Sometimes in a hospital setting a patient who is on a catheter can also get a urinary tract infection.

UTI’s (urinary tract infection) are an infection to the urinary system. There caused by certain bacteria

T.M. was admitted to the sub-acute unit for an UTI. UTI is usually cause by an organism called Escherichia coli. Risk factors for UTI in males can be bladder stones, kidney stones, an enlarge prostate, catheter use, or bacterial prostatitis. Some of the symptoms of UTI are burning sensation when urinating, frequent urination, fever, chills, foul smelling urine, urine retention, and lethargy. T.M. has a diagnosis of BPH and repeated history of UTI which increase his risk for UTI. A short-term goal will be that the patient will be display no UTI sign of symptoms. A long-term goal will be that the patient will demonstrate behavioral techniques to prevent future UTI. To accomplish these goals, the patient should be encouraged to void every 2 to

Most urinary tract infections are primarily caused by bacteria that live in the bowel region of the body. The bacterium Escherichia coli, commonly referred to as “E. coli”, causes most UTIs. The urinary tract has several systems to prevent infection. The points where the ureters attach to the bladder act as only one way valves to prevent urine from moving back up toward the kidneys. Urination is intended to wash microbes and any infectious bacteria out of the body. In males, the prostate gland produces secretions that slow down bacterial growth in the urinary tract. In both woman and men, immune defenses try to prevent infections, but despite these safety procedures put in place by the body, infections still do occur in some individuals.

Bacterial urinary tract infections represent the most common type of nosocomial infections. Often, the ability of bacteria to both establish and maintain these infections are directly related to biofilm formation on indwelling devices or within the urinary tract itself (30). Enterococci (especially E. faecalis) are one of the main causative agents of urinary tract infection and Catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs) besides gram-negative pathogens (31, 32). In these infections Biofilm provides a favorable milieu for microbial survival within the host as the organisms are shielded from the host immune response, as well as antibiotics and antimicrobial agents (33, 34). Several studies conducted to introduce main virulence genes of enterococci that are associated with biofilm formation in these bacteria (11, 13,-17), but virulence mechanism and related genes for biofilm formation are not well understood (35). In this study we investigated biofilm formation of clinical enterococci isolates isolated from Urinary tract infections. These strains were characterized for presence of adhesions and secretory virulence factors. Isolates had diverse presence of virulence from lack to highest amount of virulence genes. Several previous studies investigated relation of virulence genes and biofilm formation, especially presence of esp and gel. Enterococci esp has been implicated as a contributing factor in colonization and persistence of infection within the urinary tract