Use Of Disruption Of Performance On Roles Involving Negative Words Essay

A key philosophy of Beck’s cognitive theory of emotional disorders (Beck, 1967; 1976) relates to emotional disorders, such as anxiety and depression, being maintained through distorted thinking, sometimes known as cognitive distortions (CDs). These CDs can be recognised at surface level as negative automatic thoughts (NATs) that process in an individual’s consciousness. Therefore an individual with an emotional disorder will interpret an event in a negative manner, thus perceiving the situation as a threat or in a detrimental way. These distorted thoughts or NATs are supported by assumptions in the memory known as underlying beliefs (Wells, 1997).

The results of Roediger and McDermott’s experiment were very significant. The participants recalled the critical distractor words 40% of the time compared to 14% recall of the normal distractor words. When they

After this activity, they were asked to do a “lexical decision task” (a standard approach for measuring unconscious responses) in which they were shown a series of words and nonwords in random order and had to press “C” if it was a real word or “N” if not. Half of the real words were related to autonomy (e.g., freedom, choice) and half were neutral (e.g., whisper, hammer). The key focus of the study was on how long it took people to press the button *(“response latency”) for each kind of real word, averaged over the many words of each type. The table below

Processing a human mind is a two-edged sword. With their overbearing nature and never-ending stream of thoughts, feeling, and impulses, these worry machines frequently help us achieve precisely the opposite of what we desire. (Qtd. In Smith

Ullsperger, Bylsma, and Botvinick (2005) investigated whether the findings of Mayr, Awh, and Laurey (2003) can be replicated and how much they can be shown across different task performances. Their specific study was motivated by a prior experiment where Gratton, Coles, and Donchin (1992) found that after an incompatible type trial reaction times were reduced and target processing occurred more frequently than flanker processing on the next trial. Botvinick, Braver, Barch, Carter, and Cohen (2001) believed that this follows the conflict monitoring hypothesis where incompatible trials involve a conflict with the response leading to greater top-down information processing (Botvinick, Nystrom, Fissell, Carter, & Cohen, 1999). However, Mayr et. al (2003) argued that the congruency sequence effect found by Gratton et al. (1992) was due to repetition priming because of stimulus repeats in a flanker task. This may have led to a faster reaction time with repeated trials. Mayr et al. (2003) used two experiments to present evidence for their argument. Both experiments failed to show the effect found by Gratton et al. (1992) when target and stimulus items did not repeat from trial to trial.

Mental Filter : Placing all one’s attention o, or seeing only, the negatives of a situation

Fading affect bias is a finding that the intensity of the affect that are associated with negative autobiographical memories tends to fade faster than affect associated with positive autobiographical memories. For example, when someone is initially turned down for a job, the individual may initially experience feelings of distress or sadness, but over time, they may begin to feel relief and decide that not being hired for that position turned out for the better. (Walker & Skowronski, 2009) Dissimilarly, an article by Baumeister, Bratslavsky, Finkenauer, and Vohs published in 2001 hypothesizes that, according to multiple literatures, it is the “negatively valenced” events in our lives that have the most significant emotional and psychological

triggers item-specific processing. Encoding under such conditions inhibits automatic and unconscious spreading activation to related associates reducing the activation of the critical lure. In comparison, positive affect triggers relational processing, which negative false memory production

Previous studies have shown that there is no correlation between a high-ordered construct and the time it takes on an emotion stroop test. In a study conducted by Klug and Matthews (1993), results showed that general emotionality was not important in predicting the extent of interference for color-naming emotional words. Brosschot and Ruiter (1994) found the emotional stroop to be bias in anxiety states. If not bias by the emotional stroop, then bias by the participants with anxiety. A study found that participants in various phobic groups try to suppress their high anxiety when taking the emotional stroop test (Amir et al, 1996). Few prior studies involving anxiety and the emotional stroop have a significant interference. Egloff and Hock (2001) found that only for individuals who have high trait anxiety

The Antonyms subtest of the WTA-2 was administered to assess O~’s ability to provide words that mean the opposite of presented stimuli words. O~ received a raw score of 3, standard score of 68, and percentile rank of 2, indicating significant depressed performance in this area. O~ errors resulted as he provided semantically

For this activity I have to go online for Try It Yourself activity. Clicking the Emotional Stroop Test, seeing a list of words in various colors. The task is to say the color of each word in the list as quickly as possible. This is to demonstrate and test your implicit personality through this exercise. Example, if you are afraid of snakes, you might pause longer than other people when trying to read the color of a snake related word. Words such as venom, fangs, slither, etc.It was difficult my first trial because I was saying the word is of the color. It was confusing me at first. It is not difficult for me to say the color of the word quickly, but was problematic to me is that sometimes I forget I have to say the color of the word. Instead

We shall now discuss studies that have utilized EVT that have added to the theory’s parameters. Utilizing event-related potentials (ERPs) and a facial electromyogram (EMG), the study seeks to determine expectancy violation valences on a more scientific basis than from self-reporting alone. It is unclear whether one’s perception of a violation is consistent with one’s initial physiological response. The study provided the following hypotheses: expectancy violations will generate a greater response in the ERPs than would expectancy confirmation events, negative behaviors generate greater ERPs than positive ones, negative behaviors activate the corrugator muscle on the EMG, while positive behaviors would do the same on the zygomaticus muscle, and participant recall would be consistent with initial findings, especially for expectancy violations and negative valence than for positive ones.

In Study 3, Ritchie examined some target- relevant variables that could alter the relationship between event valence and memory for target’s behaviors. Ritchie assessed recall for behaviors about four different targets: a liked other, a neutral other, a disliked other, and one's self. Taking the previous two studies into consideration, Ritchie expected to obtain a positivity bias in memory for self. Additionally, he hypothesized that the other recall would all depend on the degree to which the person about whom memories are generated was disliked or liked. The results indicated that recall for a liked individual was the same as recall for self, and recall for acquaintance behaviors and recall for disliked behavior differed from

The Colonial era spans nearly two hundred years with each settlement in the New World containing distinctive characteristics. Location in the new world is one factor that shaped women’s lives but religion and economics also played a massive role. These roles however were constantly changing and often contradicting. Since there is numerous factors that contributed to the shaping of women’s private and public roles in the seventeenth and eighteenth century it is impossible to categories all colonial woman in one group. Some historians refer to this period as the golden age of women; however, I tend to see this period as oppressive, with only few examples of women exercising social and public powers.

However Zajonc ( Yiend, Mackintosh,2005 ) argued against Lazarus ( Yiend, Mackintosh,2005 ) theories and opened up a primacy debate between cognition and emotion and their precedence. Zajonc( Yiend, Mackintosh,2005) says there is no need for appraisal from cognition before emotion. Emotion can arise directly and that experience of emotion always precede cognitive processing of that emotion. He found in his mere exposure study that people tend to prefer familiar things. Whilst subjects were engaged in an other task, Zajonc ( Yiend, Mackintosh,2005 ) showed them some items subliminally - without conscious awareness. According to his findings participants had no conscious recognition of displayed items but they had a preference to them. On the bases of the results he assumed that there is no need for cognitive appraisal to have affective experience. Strangely he implied that cognitive processing must be conscious only. He did not take in account at the time that even unconscious processing is a part of cognitive processes and by comparing preference judgement with affect or emotion was also rather a brave assumption. The debate between both Lazarus and Zajonc came to