Using 15 D Treatment Periods

The health benefits of maintaining bacteria in the gut are a topic of interest. Grocery store shelves are stocked with probiotic goods such

Presently, speculations have risen about the amount of antibiotics used in the livestock industry and the desire to consume antibiotic-free meats. What is not understood, however, is the USDA has been monitoring the amount of antimicrobial residue in meats for several years. If unsafe levels are detected the meat is not allowed to be sold for human consumption. Yet, fast food chains such as Subway and Chipotle are claiming to go completely antibiotic free within the next decade. The practicality of this becoming a reality is slim due to the need to control, treat, and prevent diseases. To truly understand the importance of the antibiotic usage in cattle it must first be understood what antibiotics are and the reasons they are used. Additionally, the use of vaccinations should be taken into account for the

More than a century ago the notion of microbiota working as a regulator for health and disease was already in use. They realized that consuming large amounts of fermented milk helped with their longevity. This began the foundation of probiotics. However, the oral probiotics that are used today are at a lower amount than what is contained in the colon. After cycling through the digestive system it is

Evans et al. (2011) focused on two separate treatment groups (high-risk offenders & low-risk offenders) who were followed-up on at the 12 and 30 month mark after they were assessed for treatment. The length of treatment, not the classification risk of the offender, was found to be a significant variable of recidivism as those who received a longer length of treatment were less likely to be re-arrested Evans et al. (2011). Because not all offenders are guaranteed treatment, in some circumstances there is no length of prison-based treatment. In order to continue to reduce the prison population and provide treatment to offenders, early parole programs have been developed.

The population of this study resembled the population of interest in case study #1. The subjects concerns are preventing the antibiotic associated diarrhea (AAD) by using the interventions fermented milk containing Lactobacillus or other probiotic which is the topic of discussion in

Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) is a healthcare associated infection with significant morbidity and mortality, especially in elderly, hospitalized patients. Antibiotic associated diarrhea (AAD) is also a complication of antibiotic therapy with detrimental effects in hospitalized patients. The use of probiotics for primary prophylaxis of AAD and CDI in hospitalized patients is still controversial. Varying study quality as well as significant heterogeneity make drawing conclusions from prior literature a difficult task. This study was the largest to date examining the efficacy of probiotics in preventing AAD and CDI in hospitalized older patients in the United Kingdom.

Clostridium difficile (C. difficile) is an anaerobic, Gram-positive, bacillus-shaped bacterium that causes the disease Clostridium Difficile Infection (CDI). One of the reasons this particular species is so successful and disease-causing is because it possesses the ability to form spores, which makes it very difficult to eradicate, as these spores are able to survive extreme conditions. C. difficile flourishes in the gastrointestinal tracts of individuals who have been prescribed broad spectrum antibiotics, as these tend to disrupt the normal microbiota. If an individual has previously contracted CDI, the likelihood of future infection(s) is more likely than if it were never contracted, at a rate of ~35%. The aim of this study, which is actually the first of its kind, is to utilize the probiotic Lactobacillus casei Shirota (L. casei Shirota) to attempt to suppress the recurrence of CDI after an initial infection. Probiotics contain a live strain(s) of “healthy” bacteria that help rather than harm an individual, and they work by competing with C. difficile’s

How does the effectiveness of natural remedies ability to inhibit growth of E. coli compare to that of antibiotics?

The recommended dose, REC treatment, significantly decreased (P < 0.0001) SBEC concentrations compared to increasing doses. E. coli K-12 concentrations were decreased (P = 0.01) with REC and 1.33xR treatments compared to 1.66xR and 2xR treatments (Table 3). Concentrations of E. coli general were significantly less (P = 0.032) in REC, 1.33xR and 2xR compared to the 1.66xR treatment. Numerically, 2xR had the lowest concentration of C. difficile, and 1.66xR had the lowest concentration of C. perfringens out of the four treatments. Previous work with human subjects showed E. coli and substrain K-12 possess curcumin-converting activity, which is responsible for curcumin transformation and slowing down the degradation and metabolic process of curcumin (Hassaninasab et al., 2011). Thus, increasing the dosage of 95% liposomal-curcumin may have increased the growth activity of E. coli general and K-12 due to curcumin being broken down in the cecum. This can have a direct effect on these strains (Hassaninasab et al., 2011). In addition, this may be the reason for concentration responses. Based on the results from the two batch cultures, the authors decided to investigate 15 g, 25 g, and 35 g of 500 mg/g of 95% liposomal-curcumin for the in vivo

When an animal develops typical symptoms such as cardiac, pulmonary or those of mixed form of the disease, African horse sickness should be suspected (CFSPH, 2006). The fever form of the disease can sometimes be misdiagnosed as an early febrile stage of AHS or early febrile form of any other equine disease since it is difficult to differentiate them (Coetzer and Guthrie, 2004). It is common to confuse the clinical signs and lesions of the AHS and those of equine echephalosis (Coetzer and Guthrie, 2004; Mellor and Hamblin, 2004; CFSPH, 2006). Differential diagnosis must include diseases such as equine echephalosis, viral arteritis, equine infectious anaemia, Hendra virus infection, purpura hemorrhagica, and equine piroplasmosis (CFSFP, 2006;

In 1953, Kollath introduced the term ‘probiotic’. Etymologically, the term ‘probiotic’ is originated from the hybridization of Greek words ‘προ’ and ‘βιοτος’, which brough the meaning of ‘for life’. In 1953, the term ‘probiotic’ was introduced by Kollath as “organic and inorganic supplements necessary to restore health to patients suffering a form of malnutrition resulting from eating too much highly refined food” (Hamilton-Miller et al., 2003). The probiotic word has evolved throughout the years. As indicated by the World Health Organization (WHO), probiotics are characterized as "live microorganisms that able to provide advantage to the host when consume in adequate amount (World Health Organization [WHO], 2001). Probiotics also classified

Google Scholar was the final database searched. There are only a few search filters that can be applied in this database (Polit & Beck, 2017). The search words that were used were probiotics, diarrhea, and antibiotics adults. The Boolean “AND” was in the search bar, and the limiter of 2013-present. This search generated 9,900 articles. A disadvantage of Google Scholar is the inability to apply search filters and the reference list is according to the number of times the article is referenced (Polit & Beck, 2017). I manually scrolled through the articles and I found one additional RCT that fit my search criteria for best evidence.

This mechanism of diversity caused by many flora inside the digestive track of humans are beneficial because it helps with the digestion of a more diverse product. Even if the probiotic does not help with digestion some other

This assessment will explain what the role of the liver and pancreas is and how it aids digestion, including what they produce and how this makes the digestive system efficient. It will also include the interaction of the circulatory and respiratory systems during exercise and at rest and how they work separately and together. Lastly, it will discuss what could go wrong with these systems and how it will affect the horse.

Based on the results of the batch cultures, in the previous chapter, the authors decided to investigate 15 g, 25 g, and 35 g of 500 mg/g of 95% LIPC for the in vivo study. Day 0 samples confirmed that opportunistic bacteria were present. SBEC bacterial concentrations increased linearly (P = 0.008) as LIPC dose increased but concentrations were similar for 0 and 15 (Table 5.1). As the dose of LIPC increased the concentration of C. perfringens decreased linearly (P = 0.03). The remaining three opportunistic bacteria strains, C. difficile, E. coli general, and E. coli K-12, were not significant (P ≥ 0.20) across treatments. Numerically, 25 had the lowest concentration of E. coli general, and 0 had the lowest concentration of C. difficile. Although increasing the dose of LIPC decreased C. perfringens the observation that increasing the dose also increases SBEC would suggest that there may be no additional benefit of dosing LIPC above the recommended rate. However, this would also suggest that the nutraceutical reaches the cecum without being compromised in the stomach during the digestion process.