Describe using appropriate diagrams and references, the three main mechanisms of heat transfer relevant to Building Services Engineering. (P1.1)
Heat transfer occurs between 2 zones/masses with a difference in temperature, the direction of transfer taking place from the warmer one to the cooler one, until thermal equilibrium is achieved. There are 3 main mechanism of heat transfer relevant to Building Services Engineering: Conduction Convection Radiation
Conduction represents the passage of heat from molecule to molecule across a body or between 2 separate bodies in contact (for example hot water in pipes).
The rate of heat transfer is expressed by thermal conductivity, k, and represents the ability of a material to conduct heat.
To calculate conduction across a slab of material we use Fourier’s law:
Q=(k A 〖(T〗_1-T_2))/d
Where
Q = heat flux, thermal energy (W) k = thermal conductivity (W/m K)
A = surface (m2)
T1 – T2 = the temperature difference (K) d = thickness (m)
In Building Services Engineering, one of the many applications of conduction can be found in the operation of a boiler.
As seen in the following diagram, when in function the flame from the gas burner heats up the metal pipe through radiation (step 1). The metal atoms gain energy, vibrate faster and transmit the heat through conduction to the water molecules that come in direct contact with the pipe (step
2. Conduction heat loss by direct molecule to molecule transfer from one surface to another. (skin loses heat through direct contact with cooler air, water, or other surfaces)
Heat: The amount of energy associated with the movement of atoms and molecules in matter.
The first step that Holst Architects took to resolve heating system in the building was tightly sealing the envelope of it. In order to make the building efficient, the façade had to be completely sealed to guaranty no heated air leakage. They tested a
Thermal energy is the energy a substance or system has related to its temperature. This means the energy of moving or vibrating molecules. Atoms and molecules are always in motion. Generally the motion of thermal energy cannot be seen, but instead the effects it has on the substance can be seen or felt. Thermal energy can have several different uses. It can be used to heat homes, cook food, and generate electricity.
The concept of using radiant and convection heat for comfort has been around since early man. People chose south facing caves because the sun would warm up the rocks during the day and radiate the heat into the cave at night. The flames from a fire also gave off radiant heat. Technology has developed to control radiant and convection heat. Radiant heating and cooling (RHC) systems utilize the surrounding surfaces as heating and/or cooling sources. Generally, RHC systems are systems that radiant heat transfers cover more than 50% of heat exchange within a specified space. Compared to all-air systems, which depend on convection only, the RHC system provides heating and cooling by the combination of radiation and convection in a building. There are three types of radiant floor heating systems. The first type is a radiant air floor, where the air is the heat-transferring medium. The second type is electric radiant floor. The last type is hydronic radiant floor, which uses hot water.
The subject is insulation in houses. Insulation in houses is very important. Insulation keeps the house warm in the winter and cool in the summer. Heat is
Background: By definition, an insulator is a substance that transfers heat poorly, meaning it traps the heat of what it contains. (InnovateUs). A material is either an insulator or a conductor, which is the opposite of an insulator: a material that transfers heat efficiently. What classifies these materials into these two categories are their specific heats. Specific heat is “the amount of heat per unit of mass required to raise the temperature [of a substance] by one degree Celsius,” (GSU). The higher the specific heat, the more thermal energy must be used to change the temperature. Water, for
Unsteady state conduction is the class of heat transfer in which the temperature of the conducting medium varies with time and position. This occurs frequently in industrial processes, especially food preservation and sterilization, where the temperature of the food or of the heating or cooling medium constantly changes (Farid2).
The primary objective of this experiment to try and understand the heat transfer characteristics from extended surfaces such as cylindrical pins as conduction. Extended surfaces or ‘fins’ as they’re normally referred to, are utilized to increase the rate of heat transfer to or from the environment by increasing convection. Adding fins to an object is often seen as an economical solution to heat transfer issues. We will also study its heat propagation through a combined convection and radiation analysis.
Based fluid will meet your system’s thermal requirements, you can choose between Heat transfer fluids are those fluids which allow the heat to transfer through itself. This work surveys the veriety of heat transfer fluids and the systems in which they are used .The fluids considered are those found in process and energy application: water(vapour and liquid), gases, organic fluids, moltan salt,and liquid metal. Refrigrents are not included. For completeness,the basic concept of heat transfer and thermodynamics that apply are also presented along with pertinent relationship, table aur data and a few illustration examples. these can be used in various forms gasous or liquid , mixture or simple solution.Heat transfer fluid selection can involve complication, multi-dimensional decisions where factors such as thermal stability, pumpability, pressure requirements, and more must be weighed in an effort to achieve the optimum balance of performance and economy in your particular system. However, you may be able to narrow your range of options with a few basic decisions. First, choose a synthetic organic fluid, a silicone fluid or an inhibited glycol-based fluid based on your temperature requirements. If your heat transfer application has a maximum use temperature requirement above 175˚C (350˚F), consider a synthetic organic or silicone fluid. For temperatures lower than 175˚C (350˚F), or if you need freeze protection for a water- based system,
The objective of this lab is to find the heat transfer coefficient for the double pipes heat exchanger in order to determine the best configuration for the double pipes heat exchanger.
1).In 1998, Lacena-Neidez [5] made a numerical and experimental simulation of heat transfers in innovative building components. She focused on the design of double-skin metal roofs for typical countries.
To conduct a proper analysis of the 1-D transient conduction in a plane wall we must take the necessary mathematical procedures to obtain an analytical model that accurately represents the heat transfer that occurs. The equation must accurately model a plane wall that has a thickness L, is well-insulated on one side, but is still vulnerable to convection on the other side. In order to complete the model, one must scale the problem in terms of both a length scale and a time scale to transform the variables to a dimensionless form that allows for a set of solutions that can be narrowed down to the simple parameter, Bi=hL/k.
Heat is a form of energy that is transferred between two substances at different temperatures. The flow of the energy is from the object of higher temperature to the object of lower temperature. The heat is measured in units of energy, usually calories or joules. Temperature on the other hand, is how cold or hot an object is. The temperature is the average kinetic energy per molecule of a substance. This is measured in degrees on the Celsius or Fahrenheit or in Kelvins.
If there is a physical contact between any two substances or from one part of substance to another part which are in different temperatures then there exists conduction.