Using High Resolution Magnetic Resonance Imaging And Adjuvant Therapy For Tumor Regression

(p133-134, text). * Define metastasis. * Development of a secondary tumor in a location distant from the primary tumor. * Accomplished via lymphatic channels and circulation. * Trace the pathways for the hematologic and lymphatic spread of metastatic cancer cells. Evidence of disseminate disease presence in lymph that drain the tumor area, tumor cells lodge first in the initial lymph node that receives drainage from the tumor site, once in this lymph node cells may die b/c of the lack of a proper environment, remain dormant for unknown reasons, or grow in a discernible mass, If they survive and grow cancer cells, may spread from more distant lymph nodes to the thoracic duct, and the gain access to the blood vasculature, cancer cells may gain access to the blood vasculature from the initial node and more distant lymph nodes by way of tumor-associated blood vessels that may infiltrate the tumor mass. Sentinel

During stage two, there might possible still be only one tumor found, or there are several around two inches, but unfortunately it has also gained access to close blood vessels. There are chances of a liver transplant as long as the patient does not have cirrhosis, or is a possibility for the selected patients with stage one, or stage two. If faced with the chance of a liver transplant, the percentile of living five years rises from five percent all the way to thirty to sixty percent. In stage three there are three different possibilities. One of them is that several tumors are present with one being larger than two inches, or one of the tumors has gained access to a major vein in the liver area. Another possibility is that one of the tumors has invaded a close organ, or has infiltrated the liver’s outer layer. The last option of stage three is that close lymph nodes have been invaded. For the final possible stage of liver cancer, the cancer and tumors have spread to other organs, and or parts of the body. In this stage, tumors can no longer be surgically removed, and the survival rate is approximately five percent for five years. Unless the cancer is found in an early stage the chances of survival are very minimal and hazardous.

In our study: statistically, the extent of agreement between dynamic contrast MRI and histopathological staging was almost perfect (κ =0.880) and highly significant (P = 0.001), which is higher compared to the study done by Gupta N. and his colleagues on 60 patients, that resulted in good agreement equals (κ =0.690) and

The N category describes whether or not the cancer has spread into nearby lymph nodes.

The tumor board conference I attended was held on Tuesday March 27, 2018 at 7:00 AM, at Northwest Community Hospital. The pathology for the patient I chose was an atypical carcinoid in her lungs.

The localized stage is stage where cancer is only found in the part of the body where it originated from (Surveillance, epidemiology, and end results program, n.d.). In Virginia, 39% of colorectal cancers are detected at the localized stage (Cancer in Virginia, 2014). The 2012 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) survey reported that 69% of Virginia adults age 50 or older reported that they have had a colon cancer screening (Cancer in Virginia, 2014).

Badger et al., in 126 surgically resected pancreatic cancer patients, showed that lymphatic vascular and perineural invasion, together with the grading, are important predictors of outcome and their presence is associated with a reduced survival (Badger et al ., 2010).

Stage IV: it is clear that there is a wide spread of the tumor into other locations by using the lymph system

Malignant tumors are harmful to the body and need immediate action. They have an absence of a border and metastasize by growing in different parts of the body once they have traveled throughout the vascular system.

Symptoms of CRC recurrence include recent alterations in bowel habits, abdomen pain, bleeding per rectum, and perineal pain in rectal cancers (Nurgali & Wildbore, 2015, p.768). Change in bowel habits includes an increase or decrease in frequency of defecation (Thompson et al., 2017, p.1394). Signs and symptoms of CRC recurrence depend on the shape, size and location of the lesion (Nurgali & Wildbore, 2015, p.768). Primary lesion located in the ascending colon will result in John having liquid faeces and experiencing pain in that region (Nurgali & Wildbore, 2015, p.768). Whereas, lesion in the transverse colon would result in semisolid faeces and also pain in that area (Nurgali & Wildbore, 2015, p.768). Lesions in descending colon result in narrow solid faeces due to the tumour growing circumferentially (Nurgali & Wildbore, 2015,

Unlike other forms of cancer where the growths or tumors are malignant from stage one, colon cancer starts with small polyp on the lining of either the rectum or the colon. Initially, these small growths are seldom cancerous, which means that if removed in time, they would pose no risk at all.

Smith, B., Neuharth, R., Hendrix, M. A., McDonnall, D., & Michaels, A. D. (2010). Intravenous

Over a time period of several weeks, the alternate pathways begin to dilate which results in venous pressure in the upper body to elevate. By the venous pressure remaining elevated, signs and symptoms will become noticeable. How quickly the signs and symptoms manifest is dependent upon how fast the SVC becomes congested in relation to the formation of venous collaterals. Research states that “Patients with malignant disease may develop symptoms of SVC syndrome within weeks to months because rapid tumor growth does not allow adequate time to develop collateral flow.” (Drews and Rabkin)

Cancer begins with the body’s cells uncontrollably reproducing, invading and destroying healthy tissue, which includes the organs as well. A collection of cells which grow together to create a lump or mass referred to as a tumor. That starts in one part of the body then expands to the surrounding areas where the mass began, known as metastasis which is extremely problematic to treat. MNT (2015) says, “Tumors can grow and interfere with the digestive, nervous, and circulatory systems, and they can release hormones that alter body function.” There are more than 200 types of cancer that will affect 1 in 3 people including those cancers that affect the blood stream (leukemia) and skin.

This ability of malign cancer to make their way across basement membrane and into blood vessels is what makes cancer so fatal and impossible to be cure by surgery alone. The result of metastasis and invasion in normal tissue by cancer cells are often seen as one of the distinctive features of malignancy (Ruoslahti 1996). Even though the ability of invasion and metastasis are one of the hallmarks for cancer, these abilities are not unique to cancer cells as it can also occur during the early development stage of the embryo, in healthy organisms and in many noncancerous diseases (Mareel & Leroy 2003). It does not matter whenever the organism has developed benign or malign cancer, all cancer cells have the ability to disturb the normal cell cycle and threaten the survival of the organism.