Using Porous Organometallic Compounds For Various Material Applications

Hydrofluorcarbons (HFC’s) are a new class of recently developed propellants, they share many of the same properties as CFC’s but are less polluting. Several popular HFC’s include 1,1-difluoroethane and 1,1,1,2,-tetrafluoromethane. These propellants are relatively expensive but formulate fast drying. Currently the most commonly used propellant is dimethyl ether (DME).

The occurrence of large natural clathrate hydrate deposits on the oceanic sea floors and the possibility that these gas hydrates could be mined as an energy source of hydrocarbon gas or used to sequester CO2 gas are still attracting considerable interest.

The need for energy is a dominant, driving the force of the world. Paralleling population growth, energy demand cannot be supported by fossil fuels, a limited resource with negative impacts on the environment. Currently, Global energy consumption is approximately 78% fossil fuels and 19% renewables. It is critical that the ratio continues to shift in favor of renewables. With the transition to using more renewable energy sources, it is imperative to fully understand each energy source and the impact it has on the world. Bagasse derived methanol is a potential sustainable fuel source that may largely shape the future. Despite its strengths and potential as a biofuel, bagasse derived methanol’s shortcomings should not be overlooked.

Torlon 4000T-HV, a commercially available polyamide-imide (PAI) (Solvay Advanced Polymers, Alpharetta, GA), whereas all liquid chemicals were of reagent grade with 99% purity and purchased from Sigma–Aldrich (Milwaukee, WI) .N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) (Reagent Plus, 99%, Sigma–Aldrich, Milwaukee, WI), Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP; average Mw.1300 K, Sigma- Aldrich), Methanol (ACS grade, VWR) and hexane (ACS Reagent, >98.5%, VWR), TEOS (Sigma–Aldrich, Milwaukee, WI), 3-Aminopropyltrimethoxsilane (APS) was used as agent for grafting Torlon 4000T-HV,zirconia ,titania , and silica-Torlon hollow fibers catalysts (diaminosilane, Gelest, Inc.) . Zirconia, titania, and silica (average particle size 100nm, Sigma–Aldrich). Styrene oxide 99% purity

For the treatment of (TCE) trichloroethane, an organic contaminant present in water, the surface of the zero valent iron nanoparticle is modified to hold a membrane made of oil-liquid . This oil-liquid membrane which is made of biodegradable oil, food-grade surfactant, and water is hydrophobic and forms an emulsion with (ZVI). This is named as emulsified zero valent iron (EZVI). as all DNAPLs (dense non-aqueous phase liquids), such as the emulsion is miscible with the contaminant, the trichloroethane are hydrophobic, allowing an increased contact between the ZVI, DNAPL,and the TCE present within the oil droplet emulsion. Whereas the ZVI in the emulsion remains reactive, the chlorinated compounds are continuously de-chlorinated within the aqueous

Hydrate-based CO2 separation is a new technology in which hydrates are formed by exposing Carbon dioxide to water at high pressures. Differences in phase equilibrium cause formation of hydrates. Gas hydrates are crystalline solids in which guest molecules are trapped inside the H-bonded water molecule network. The structure of the hydrate is determined by the shape and size of the guest molecule. This presence of the guest molecule stabilizes the structure at temperatures well above the freezing point. Gas hydrates formation technique may be used to treat the flue gas from power plants in which CO2 is separated from N2 and O2. The basis of the separation is that CO2 is preferentially encaged into the hydrate crystal due to the lower equilibrium

One relatively new approach is testing different nanostructure metal oxide sorbents. The goal for this research is to find a sorbent that has a combination of high affinity, selectivity, adsorption capacity, minimal cost, and last a long time. Some of the metal oxides that have been used in the research include hydrated titanium oxides, iron oxides, and magnesium oxides. These metal oxides were picked because of their favorable characteristics which include a high surface area, varying particle sizes, high capacity for adsorption, simple preparation, and the ability to be reused without losing activity. Figure 1 shows some of these solid metal oxides used in the experiments with varying particle sizes. These are represented with a different unit length scale shown clearly in each bottom right corner of the four different

CHEMISTRY HIGHER lEvEl PaPER 2 Monday 18 May 2009 (afternoon) 2 hours 15 minutes INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES Write your session number in the boxes above. Do not open this examination paper until instructed to do so. Section A: answer all of Section A in the spaces provided. Section B: answer two questions from Section B. Write your answers on answer sheets. Write your session number on each answer sheet, and attach them to this examination paper and your cover sheet using the tag provided. •

The greatest advantage associated with methane clathrates is that, per amount of fuel, they have a much higher energy potential due to the dense storage of methane in the lattice structure.The concentration of methane within clathrates is 6500 times higher than in saturated aqueous solution (Ripmeester, J.A., & Alavi, S., 2016), meaning less clathrates would have to be mined to receive the same energy provided by other fuels, reducing the negative environmental impacts and possibly the cost of processes such as mining and transport. Furthermore, with the ever growing population, more and more energy is required by humans each year and methane clathrates has the potential to provide this energy. Methane

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs); hybrid organic-inorganic (inorganic metal centers and organic linkers), crystalline, flexible, highly tunable pore structure materials (pore windows 3 Å to ~100 Å), offer a great variety of nanomaterials in membrane separation application [30]. Although the structural diversity and highly tunable hybrid structure make a promising filler for aqueous separation, the majority of the MOF structures degraded even exposure to ambient moisture [30]. Owing to the exploration of the water stable MOFs, many of them currently available for water included membrane applications, have been reviewed by [31]. Among them, zeolitic imidazolate (Im) frameworks (ZIFs), a well-known subclass of MOFs, have received increasing

The current main goal of this particular catalyst is to aid a process that will produce fully sustainable biofuels that will be used in conventional engines. Usually, different processes will require different catalysts to aid the reactions that take place in the particular process. This means that this particular nanometal catalyst might only be useful in the hydro-deoxygenation process. The only way to determine that this particular catalyst can aid another process is by laboratory testing and simulation software. However, nanometal catalysts are really promising and will definitely play a significant role in the future of industrial processes. A potential future use of this particular nanometal catalyst could lie in recycling plastics. Plastics are polymers that mostly contain carbon as well as other compounds linked to it.[3] This nanometal catalyst aids the breaking of the carbon-oxygen bond which could possibly be useful for recycling purposes. [8]

In 1899 ionic conductivity was observed in a solution of ZrO2(Y2O3) however the potential for use in oxygen separation technology has only gained attention in the last 35 years. The best oxygen separation capabilities are seen in defect free ceramic membranes and result in 100% pure oxygen. There are a number of different structures that ceramic membranes can take fluorite, perovskite, pyrochlore, brownmillerite and some others. The main two are the fluorite and perovskite type, which will be discussed in further detail later in this report. Oxygen flux is the rate the oxygen transfers though the membrane and a higher oxygen flux means a better membrane. Generally a dense ceramic membrane with a perovskite structure at temperatures greater

(iii) The novel method for GO nanosheets immobilization onto the surface of FO TFC membranes through self-assembly and oxidative cross-linking of TA and pEI using a rapid, single-step protocol from mild aqueous solution was achieved.

The mixed oxide of Fe and Mn has been developed in our lab as a possible candidate for CLC. Fe-Mn mixed oxide possesses the promise as oxygen carrier for the CLC applications due to availability of low-cost minerals precursors, relatively high OCC, stability and environmentally benign nature. Mungse et al. reported the pure phase of iron-manganese oxides (FeMnO3 and Fe3Mn3O8) that exhibit CLOU property. It was found that Fe3Mn3O8 was reduced into FeMnO3 at higher temperatures. Fe3O4 and MnO were observed as reduced products after methane combustion reaction of FeMnO3 [25]. Nickel manganese oxides were also prepared for methane conversion [50].

Food production, agriculture, paper, oil and gasoline industries are major users of fresh water. Environmental homeostasis has ceased to the ever-increasing global population and paucity of fresh water is one of the most severe outcomes of the same. This necessitates the efficient recycling of marginal water sources and ultra-permeable membranes1 are rapidly emerging as a widely-implemented technology for the same. Presently used membranes are either dense solution2,3 or diffusion based4,5 or channel- based6,7 which predominantly target molecular size separations in the > 1-2 nm scale8. However, stringent sub nm (2 – 10 Å) separations are essential for defense, transportation systems (automobile exhaust filters), water purification and a