Using Potassium Chloride

However, other resources, such as mobile doctors may be available to prevent the patient from requiring hospital admission (17). Furthermore, certain approaches to pain relief, such as warm running water and cold packs, are not always readily available to paramedics. Thus implementing these procedures as a necessary part of paramedic practice would not prove practical. However, paramedics should be aware of the different approaches to relieving pain for these patients and be further aware that if the resources are available, they should be utilised in order to provide as much relief as possible to the suffering

= = == Calcium Carbonate + Hydrochloric Acid Calcium Chloride + Water + Carbon Dioxide Equipment ---------

The mixture was heated at 120°C using an aluminum block and was stirred gently. After all of the solid dissolved, it was heated for 20 additional minutes to ensure the reaction was complete.

Most cold packs come with a fabric cover made to absorb condensation and to protect the skin from contacting the surface of the cold pack. Cold packs are used for injury or muscle relief. The cold pack contains two bags one containing water and the other containing ammonium chloride. Once the ammonium chloride is

Sodium bicarbonate has a molar mass of 84.0 g/mol. It has a melting point of 50°C and can be an irritant.

Ice pack therapy is a treatment of cold temperatures to an injured area of the body.

Procedure: Filled each test tube with substances provided and subjected them to various conditions. These conditions included, heat, cold water, hot water, acid and basic additions and tested on litmus paper. The reactions were observed and documented at each step.

The materials needed for this experiment included test tubes, a test tube holder, the unknown compound #202, 35mL beakers, gloves, safety goggles, ethanol (to clean equipment), stirrer (to mix solutions), the 15 possible compounds that are provided, pH strips, distilled water, wooden splints, spatula to get out unknown compound #202, waste bucket, Bunsen burner, graduated cylinder, 500mL beaker for the waste, plastic dishes to measure out compound and the scale.

The reaction is carried out in saturated aqueous ammonium chloride solution. Thus no special drying of solvents, reagents, or glassware is required. The reaction mechanism for this experiment can be seen below (Fig. 2)

Abstract: Cold packs are based on the principle of endothermic reactions, which means a reaction that absorbs heat from the surrounding resulting in a temperature drop. Due to this temperature drop, cold packs have many benefits when it comes to injuries such as sprains and strains. It cools the local tissue and reduces bleeding, swelling and pain. It also aids in a speedy recovery. The most commonly used chemical in instant cold packs is ammonium nitrate which will be tested in the investigation along with four other chemicals in water. These other chemicals include potassium nitrate, potassium chloride, sodium acetate and sodium chloride. The

* This was troublesome, since the cool water was used to reduce the heat of the reaction.

Step 1 – Foundation: Cryokinetics is a combination of cold and exercise. The cold decreases pain so that the patient is able to move. Ice decreases muscle inhibition so that the patient can exercise. Therefore, exercise increases the amount of blood flow to the area, and allows for rebuilds functioning. Because of exercise, the stresses it produces develops fibers that help rebuild tissue. Advantages: Allows exercise much faster than normal, exercise delays atrophy, neuron inhibition, and reduces swelling. Ice is cheap while exercise is priceless. Disadvantages: The cold is painful during first immersion and its messy. Indications: Cryokinetics is most effective on ankle sprains. Contraindications: exercises can cause pain, hypersensitivity

Most research on Cryotherapy has been focused on its effects in the acute phase of an injury, but it should be acknowledged that Cryotherapy can be helpful with injuries that are chronic and cause persistent pain. One way in which it is very helpful in an injury causing persistent pain is when that persistent pain is caused by myofascial pain syndrome. (Denegar, C. R. et. al 2006). Cryotherapy can help reduce the pressure that is causing the pain in this injury. It also helps with chronic injuries when the practitioner uses short and intense exposure to the sensitive points. By doing this you will hopefully decrease pain by stimulating nociceptive pathways (Denegar, C. R. et. al 2006). The administration of prolonged exposure to Cryotherapy

The solution was created by mixing potassium hydroxide pellets (Sigma-Aldrich, Saint Louis, MO), deionized water, and fumed silica (Cab-o-sil, Cabot Corp., Boston, MA) in a stainless steel Bain Marie using a magnetic stir plate and polytetrafluoroethane magnetic stir bar. After fully dissolving the potassium hydroxide pellets in the deionized water, the fumed silica was slowly added to ensure full dissolution. The solution was allowed to mix covered for 24 h, after which any water content that was lost due to the exothermic reaction of the water and potassium hydroxide or evaporation was replaced to maintain the proper chemical composition.

Sodium hydrogen carbonate was added to the solution until it becomes neutral. Ph paper was used for this test to determine its ph value.