Using Resistant Soybean Cultivar And Crop Rotation

The pollen from the crops and the trees that are genetically modified can affect the crops and wild plants that are nearby, except for soy, because it does

Farmers that use Monsanto’s patented soybeans must enter into an agreement with the American Soybean Association therefore acknowledging the use of Monsanto’s soybeans. As per the Harvest of fear article “Every farmer which purchases the seeds must enter into a stewardship agreement”. The farmer agrees to respect Monsanto’s patent these patents are protected by law. The farmers are not to replant used soybeans. Monsanto claims that if this were to occur they would work with the farmers in order to resolve the situation. Monsanto is gaining control by forcing farmers into purchasing there products and that effects the food which consumers buy to feed their

Because of the success of transgenic crops like Bt corn, the usage and availability of GMOs has increased exponentially. The number of GM crops produced in the United States grew from 1.45 hectares in 1996 to over 29 million in 2000. This accounts for about 70% of the total GM crops grown in the world (European Commission 2). Similar patterns have emerged from other agriculture-intensive countries like Canada, Argentina, China, and Brazil. Large percentages of products like soybeans (68%), cotton (50%) and corn (28%) are now

In contrast, the counter argument claims that GMOs are unsafe for human consumption. However, GMOs actually improve human health by reducing the amount of pesticides needed for successful crop production. With the use of GMOs in crop production, the amount of pesticide and herbicide application has decreased. To resume, successful crop production is essential to a farmer’s success, which could be why over 18 million farmers throughout the world utilize GMOs. The successful production of crops can be achieved by genetically modifying crops with resistance against insects, weeds, and other threats. Resistance to different stressors has reduced pesticide applications by 8.1 percent. Additionally, crops that are modified to be resistant to specific

Duke, S. O. (1995). Herbicide-Resistant Crops: Agricultural, Economic, Environmental, Regulatory, and Technological Aspects. 83-84. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press.

Not only the soils, but the surrounding ecosystems like: forest, bodies of water, swamps and more, are also at risk of mutations entering and disrupting the natural systems.

The prediction was that the number of hight of the soybean plant would be dramatically different in the experimental group compared to the control group. This difference would have been due to the 5 soybean plants that where in each pot in the experimental group while there would the be one plant in each of the pots for the control group. The findings from this experiment are important to soybean biology and the agriculture practices because it proved that soybeans could be planted close to each other within a certain ration of resources to plants. This information may become useful in the future because it will allow farmers to plant their crop closer together to allow a higher production of soybeans in a smaller area if needed. A strength in this experiment was the amount of different data points that where collected.

Approximately 85% of modified corn grow in US. Even genetically altered corn was used by many food brands. Many manufacturers modified corn so they are resistant to the herbicide glyphosate .Bt corn reduces the need for pesticides, and while the primary benefit comes largely during a heavy corn-borer infestation, an unpredictable event. Indeed, this application of GM crops seeks to turn corn into cost-effective pharmaceutical factories and may bear the mark of unacceptable risk. It is currently the subject of intense

Biopesticides – Several microbes (viruses, bacteria and fungi) are being developed as suitable biopestecides for management of insect and nematodal pests. Some fungi have good potential of their use as bionematicides to control nema-todal pests of vegetables, fruit and cereal crops. Some bacterial and fungal products are also use to control disease of roots and shoots of plants.

Diverse fungi species have been demonstrated in possessing the distinguished ability in trapping and devouring nematodes. The start of the infection process consists of the nematophagous fungus's trapping structure (hyphae) interacting with the surface of the nematode cuticle, ultimately killing the nematode and serving as a source of nutrients (Mendoza de Gives, et al., 1999). It is not certain whether the formation of traps is due to hormones diffusing or physical contact signaling. These fungi are commonly distributed in terrestrial and aquatic biomes, which construct intricate trapping devices that have adhesive networks and constricting rings to capture nematodes and extract their nutrients. It is also likely that hydrolytic enzymes are involved during the infection with regards to facilitating penetration by permeabilizing the nematode's cuticle, inducing cytotoxic effects, digesting the tissue, and preventing invasions of other microorganisms (Tunlid, et al., 1994).

The Agricultural Research Service reported one case in which cheatgrass was not able to survive 10 years before, but thanks to mutations all the land has been filed with these, which is a dangerous situation because the land is now considered wildfire and it would probably ruin valuable grazing resources. In addition, genetically modified products are able to reproduce, mutate, grow, and migrate. This fact does not give us the confidence of buying safety products (Frances E. Sharples 42,

List of nematode strains. Strain N2 Bristol was used as wildtype for all experiments (originally developed by Brenner, S., 1974; provided for present use by the Caenorhabditis Genetics Center (CGC). The following strains were also provided by CGC: CX51[dyn-1(ky51)], AM141[rmIs133[Punc-54::Q40::yfp]], and SJ4005[zcIs4[hsp-4::gfp]]. The following strains were generated in the Caldwell Laboratory at The University of Alabama: AM141[rmIs133[Punc-54::Q40::yfp]];CX51[dyn-1(ky51)] and SJ4005[zcIs4[hsp-4::gfp]]; CX51[dyn-1(ky51)]. The methods used to generate novel strains are detailed in below sections of this report.

To insure timely and precise completion of assays and experiments voluntarily worked outside normal duty hours. Maintained a sizable output of high-quality plant-parasitic nematodes and nematode samples for biochemical assays; efficiently prepared nematode liquid cultures of necessary purity. Instructed a UMD Student on biochemical assays and in unison conducted protein estimation assays to ensure reliability.

Monsanto producer created a glyphosate-resistant soybean crop called GTS 40-3-2, commonly known as Roundup Ready soybeans. The crop is produced by inserting a CP4 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate ( CP4 EPSPS) gene from Agrobacterium tumefaciens, a common soil bacteria. CP4 EPSPS facilitates the soybeans survivability by allowing the crop to become resistant to extreme temperatures, ensuring higher survival rates and successful harvests. Initially, Monsanto used electroporation to achieve maximum cell viability and transient gene expression, however, the high voltage required for the electroporation technique (400 V) caused instability in cell wall synthesis and cell division. Monsanto were then able to inject the CP4 EPSPS gene into the cell wall of soybeans by using particle bombardment to penetrate through the cell wall with minimal damage and produced stable progeny that expressed resistance to glyphosate.

Current studies reveal that certain pests are becoming resistant to BT toxin found in BT corn and cotton, and various types of weeds are developing resistance to the herbicide glyphosate. In the south US there have been reports of bollworms that developed a resistance to the BT toxin as early as 2003. This came just seven years after the GM crop was introduced. There are plants developing resistance to glyphosate faster than normal plants. According to Dan Westberg, a technical market manager at BASF, “In 2011, we saw glyphosate resistant waterhemp explode across the Mid-west” (qtd. in McLure). Similar upsurges in glyphosate resistant weeds have been observed across numerous states. Below is a map showing the areas where the have been documented instances of glyphosate resistant weeds (see fig 1).