Using Sglt 2 Inhibitors With Insulin Essay

Glyburide is another generic medication used in the management of diabetes mellitus type 2. Two trade names of this drug are DiaBeta and Glynase. The chemical name is 1-[ [p-[2-(5-chloro-o-anisamido) ethyl]phenyl]-sulfonyl]-3-cyclohexylurea. Doses up to 0.75-12 mg/day can be given as a single dose or divided doses. The circulation of the glyburide is that protein binding is extensive and half-life is 10 hours. It is excreted through the renal and biliary system. Glyburide acts as an oral blood glucose lowering drug. The drugs uses include binding and activating the sulfonylurea receptor 1, which causes depolarization. This results in an increase in intracellular calcium in the cells and stimulation of insulin release. Major drug interactions are noted between glyburide and

Diabetes is a growing but preventable health concern in the United States.1 It is a problem in the body where blood glucose levels rise higher than normal.1 According to the facts released by the American Diabetes Association in 2013, 25.8 million Americans (8.3%) have diabetes 2 and approximately 90% of all cases of diabetes worldwide are considered type 2 diabetes.3 Type 2 diabetes is a progressive disease where the body cannot use insulin properly and the patient ends up using an oral hypoglycemic agent.1 One of the many classes of medications to help manage diabetes is sulfonylureas, including glyburide and glipizide. These drugs close K-ATP channels on Beta cell membranes and cause the pancreas to release more insulin to lower blood sugar.4 Both glipizide and glyburide are metabolized in the liver5, have high protein binding5, and can decrease hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) up to 1%-2%.6 According to the Health Insurance Association of America, health insurance is defined as "coverage that provides for the payments of benefits as a result of sickness or injury".7 Insurance companies always strive to achieve their target glycemic goal via the most effective and cost effective therapeutic strategy.8 A literature search was conducted to find data on the benefits of converting patients from glyburide to glipizide to find out why insurance prefers the switch.

The mainstay of type 2 diabetes medication is Metformin due to the cost, safety of the medication and limitied side effects. Metformin reduces glucose levels through two pathways; it reduces hepatic glucose production and increases the insulin tissue sensitivity. Monotherapy is normal for this medication; however, it can be utilized in combination with other medications. Metformin used in conjunction with Sodium glucose cotransporter provides a greater control over the level of glucose in the body due to the reduction of glucose production, increase in sensitivity, reduction of reabsorption of glucose and the excretion of glucose through the kidneys, basically the glucose control is through 4 different pathways making it a synergetic effect on diabetes type 2. According to Inzucchi et al.(2016), the combination of these medications helped patients reduce their overall A1c (0.5-1.0), lose weight (2kg) and a reduction in their blood

Prescription drugs are a major life factor to both young and old in our society. The vast variety of drugs used to treat many medical conditions is endless. Firstly, glyburide (Diabeta) is an oral diabetes medicine that helps control blood sugar levels. Diabeta is the trade name for glyburide; similarly glyburide is the generic name for Diabeta. Glyburide (Diabeta) is of the sulfonylurea class (hypoglycemic agents) which treats type two diabetes (Sorrentino, 2013). Because of glyburide medications, the pancreas releases more insulin into the blood stream. In type two diabetes, the body is unable to store excess sugar, and therefore, this sugar remains in the bloodstream (Web MD, 2013).

Type 2 diabetes is considered as the most common form of diabetes affecting many individuals. This is a condition that is associated with a high buildup of sugar content in the blood stream. It is accompanied by symptoms such as constant hunger, fatigue, lack of energy and frequent urination. At milder levels, the symptoms become severe and lead to the death of an individual. In the United States, it has been rated as one of the leading causes of death. Importantly, it also increases the rate of the cardiovascular disease once an individual has been reported to have such symptoms. The cardiovascular diseases lead to a greater rate of complications in patients with type two diabetes and hence loss of life. Due to this reason, researchers have focused more on the development of appropriate drugs to enhance treatment of the condition. Importantly, the fact that it is a big challenge to the medical sector critical evaluation of all possible types of treatment is vital. Therefore, the article on “semaglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes” offers beneficial knowledge to the healthcare sector.

SGLT2 inhibitors are the new boys on the block and they work by stopping your kidneys from reabsorbing sugar into the blood and eliminating it in the urine. These medications include Canagliflozin and Dapagliflozin. The negative side effects may be yeast and urinary tract infections along with an increase

If not corrected by the year 2050, 1 in 3 Americans will have diabetes. The cost on the medical system to prevent and treat this population by 2007 was reported to be as high as $218 billion. It is imperative to continue research to prevent current state of disease for some but also to prevent secondary medical complications, which can include other organs and disease (Fonseca et al.,

Type 2 Diabetes is the most common form of diabetes in adults. It accounts for approximately 90%-95% of diagnosed diabetes in adults in the United States (cdc.gov, n.d.). Newly diagnose cases of diabetes tripled from 1980-2011 in the United States. It is a costly and deadly disease. Because there are many comorbidities and complications associated with uncontrolled diabetes, it is essential to treat diabetes effectively. Clinicians deal with this ongoing problem on a daily basis. Therefore, new treatment options are needed. Diabetes can be treated and managed by regular physical activity, healthy eating, and by decreasing cardiovascular disease risk factors, such as high lipid levels, high to decrease blood glucose levels are important aspects of disease management. At this time, there are 14 classes of medications currently available to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus, however, only 36 % of the patients achieve glycemic control on their present medications. Also, the prevalence of type 2 diabetes continues to increase which escalates the medical cost to treat the disease. In 2012, the estimates cost of type 2 diabetes was $176 billion. The cost to treat this disease is going to continue to rise. Even though there are drugs available to treat type 2 diabetes, new treatment options with different mechanisms of action are needed to improve patient outcome through better glycemic control (Miller, Nguyen, Jia-Haur, Chihyi, & Nguyen, 2014).

Rattue, P. (Feburary 2012). TAK-875 New Treatment for Type 2 Diabetes. The Lancet Via Medical News Today. Retrieved from: http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/ articles/242256.php

Oral medications along with healthy eating and exercise is prescribed to patients who suffer from this disease. According to the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (2017) most people start their treatment with metformin pills, which come in as a liquid form tablet. Metformin is an oral medication that helps decrease the amount of glucose a person absorbs after eating and it also helps decrease the amount of glucose the liver produces (MedlinePlus, 2017). It is vital to decrease the amount of glucose in the body so that the patient will not develop hyperglycemia. In addition, metformin increases the body’s response to insulin meaning that cell receptors can use insulin and control the amount of glucose in the body (MedlinePlus, 2017). Another medication that is prescribe is SGLT-2, which blocks glucose reabsorption in the kidneys (Diabetes.co.uk, 2017). Therefore, this can help the kidney

Type 2 Diabetes is often associated with obesity and insulin resistance, which prevent insulin from working effectively. Common complications include cardiovascular disease, vision damage, and kidney disease (“Type 2 diabetes”, 2017). This form of diabetes is a significant public health problem, moreover, it is estimated to affect 285 million adults worldwide. Although there are recommended guidelines to manage and prevent the complication of the disease

Diabetes is an endocrine disorder characterized by elevated glucose due to insulin resistance or deficiency. About 29.1 million people in America are reported to have diabetes with the highest prevalence occurring in men; about 25.9% of adults 65 years and older have diabetes.1 Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) is the most common type of diabetes, often due to insulin resistance. Metformin is the treatment of choice in patients with T2DM, a second agent such as a sulfonylurea is added to metformin in patients who are not at goal or unable to tolerate metformin therapy. According to the American Diabetes Association (ADA) guidelines, the choice of a second agent should be based on a patient-centered approach to include efficacy, safety, the effect on

Substantial advancement has been built in recent years in the development of pharmacological treatment of type 2 diabetes. The most recent developments have been around the incretin hormones. Glucagon-like peptide 1-receptor agonists (GLP-1) have demonstrated efficacy and safety in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Liraglutide (Victoza) is a GLP-1 receptor agonist that has demonstrated advantages in lower hemoglobin A1c in this class of medications and assisting patients in reducing weight.

Diabetes Mellitus is a chronic health condition in which the level of glucose in the blood is higher than usual. Type 1 diabetes occurs when the pancreas does not create enough insulin and type 2 diabetes occurs when insulin is produced, but is not adequate in lowering blood glucose levels or there is resistance to the insulin (Edwards, 2007, p. 9). Diabetes mellitus is the leading cause of end-stage kidney disease, foot and leg amputations, and new cases of blindness in the United States (Ignatavicius & Workman, 2010, p. 1465-66). People with type 1 diabetes are required to take insulin to manage their glucose levels. People with type 2 diabetes are usually prescribed oral medications such as sulfonylurea agents, meglitinide

This is the first case report on blood glucose management with these conditions in worldwide. Clinical pharmacists assisted physicians in making individualized regimen to improve the therapeutic efficacy and ensure the patient safety.