Using Stz Diabetic Rats ( Vanadium )

Diabetes is a disease where the body is unable to produce or use insulin effectively. Insulin is needed for proper storage and use of carbohydrates. Without it, blood sugar levels can become too high or too low, resulting in a diabetic emergency. It affects about 7.8% of the population. The incidence of diabetes is known to increase with age. It’s the leading cause of end-stage renal disease in the US, and is the primary cause of blindness and foot and leg amputation. It is known to cause neuropathy in up to 70% of diabetic patients. Individuals with diabetes are twice as likely to develop cardiovascular disease. There are two types of diabetes: Type 1 and Type 2.

Type 2 Diabetes is a disease that is found in a variety of age groups around the world. This disease is growing at a rapid rate and it is impacting the health of this generation and future generations to come. Diabetes is a disease that impairs the body’s ability to produce or respond to the insulin hormone produced by the pancreas. The insulin allows for the glucose to be effectively used as energy throughout the body. Diabetes causes carbohydrates to be abnormally digested, which can raise blood glucose levels. This means that the glucose is not being taken up by the cells that need it. The cells cannot take up the excess glucose that has accumulated in the blood, so it is excreted through the urine. This can lead to problems with the kidneys, central nervous system, heart, and eyes because high blood glucose can damage the blood vessels of these organs. This diseased is managed by adopting a diet low in fat and high in fiber, increasing physical activity, losing excess weight, and not smoking. If this

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) is the most common form of diabetes (American Diabetes Association, 2012). T2D is so prevalent that it is estimated to be the fifth most common cause of death worldwide (Yates, Jarvis, Troughton, and JaneDavies, 2009, p. 1). T2D manifests when the body is unable to metabolize glucose properly, resulting in elevated blood sugar, debilitating fatigue, and other serious complications such as distal limb amputations, kidney failure, and blindness. The generally accepted causes of T2D include diet, sedentary lifestyle, and obesity.

Insulin resistance is the first physiological change occurring in type two diabetes. In these type two diabetic patients, insulin is unable to move glucose into liver, kidney and muscle cells although insulin is able to attach properly to the cell surface receptors. In order to rectify this, most patients with type two diabetes start secreting normal to very high levels of insulin, which can initially overcome this resistance. After a while, the pancreas cannot keep up with this high insulin production and the cells become resistant to glucose intake. Persistent hyperglycemia or high blood glucose levels are not desirable since this causes damage to the beta cells of the pancreas that produces the insulin hormone. This damage to beta cells further hampers insulin synthesis and patients at this stage are categorized as full-blown diabetic. Such patients consistently show a hyperglycemia state even after hours of fasting ( Hinkle & Cheever,

Diabetes Mellitus (DM) or Type 2 Diabetes is seen as a metabolic disease that is categorized by abnormally high blood glucose or hyperglycemia. Diabetes Mellitus is also formerly known as noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and is the most common form of diabetes that is seen. Insulin is a hormone that is supplied to the body that allows us to efficiently use glucose as fuel. When carbohydrates are broken down into sugars in the stomach glucose enters the blood circulation simulating the pancreas to release insulin in an appropriate amount to become used for energy. With diabetes mellitus the body does not properly make use of the insulin supplied for the body. This causes the pancreas to produced an extra amount if insulin which the body cannot keep up with, causing an imbalance to the blood glucose levels (American Diabetes Association, 2015). In the united states diabetes affects almost 29.1 million people, while the another 86 million people have pre-diabetes but do not know. It is also known as the 7th leading cause of death in the country in the recent years (MedicineNet.com, 2016). For a patient suffering from a chronic form of diabetes mellitus understanding how these mechanisms lead to the condition can be used as preventative measures. Potential consequences as well as the causes and clinical manifestations will ensure a better knowledge on the issue to monitor the condition.

This article goes in detail about the complications of Type 2 Diabetes, on how hyperglycemia damages the vascular system leading to microvascular disease and macrovascular disease. The complications of microvascular disease are diabetic retinopathy, diabetic nephropathy, and diabetic neuropathy. On the other hand, with macrovascular disease includes Cardio Vascular Disease (CVD), such as Atherosclerosis. Furthermore, the article gives recommendations of treating Type 2 Diabetes and the prevention of its health related complications with medication, screening, diet, and exercise.

Even with the improvements in diabetes control and patient care, Type 2 diabetes is associated with a higher risk of death than the general population. For the current modelling analysis, the relative risk (RR) of death was estimated to be 2.45 for patients with DME and this was estimated based on the results from two studies. Mulnier et al. reported a RR of 1.93 (95%:CI: 1.89 to 1.97) for diabetic patients when compared to the general population.23 In the second study, Hirai et al., determined that the RR of death in diabetic patients with clinically significant macular edema was 1.27 (95%CI: 1.01 to 1.61).24 By combining the two estimates, the overall RR of mortality used in the model was 2.45 (i.e. 1.93 x 1.27).

By 2025, it is estimated that 380 million individuals will be diagnosed with diabetes. With that being said, 4 million of them will lose their sight. Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) is the leading cause of blindness in patients ranging from age 20 to age 74. Development and progression of this disease is closely associated with blood pressure, blood glucose, the type and duration of diabetes, and possibly lipids. Although it has been found true that chronic hyperglycemia causes the development and progression of diabetic retinopathy, the mechanism of how the damage is caused is unclear. To further look into the complexity of DR, the disease can be classified as non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR), which is

One of the most important diabetogenic agents of Alloxan and STZ has been commonly employed as an experimental design in animal model. Both are cytotoxic glucose analogues. That is induce a multiphasic blood glucose response and accompanied by corresponding inverse changes within the plasma insulin concentration. So sequential ultrastructural β cell changes finally it will be lead to can occur necrotic cell death cause insulin dependent diabetes mellitus in experimental animals (My thili., et al 2004; Lenzenet al., 2008). After administration of diabetogenic agents at the intravenous or intraperitoneal injection method- circulate in the body as twenty percent of the drug is metabolized and excreted by the kidney. The first stage that comes into prospect within the first minutes from continues to 30 minutes, this short-lived transient hypoglycemic

The term "diabetes mellitus" describes a metabolic disorder of multiple aetiology, characterized by chronic hyperglycaemia with disturbances of carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. The effects of diabetes mellitus include long–term damage, dysfunction and failure of various organs (1).

Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) is the most prevalent form of diabetes, accounting for 90%-­‐95% cases worldwide. It’s characterized by the decrease in insulin secretion from pancreatic β cells, as well as the decreased

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is a lifelong progressive disease with increasing prevelence.1,2 It is the most common form of diabetes (90-95% of diabetic patients) and requires continuous medical care.1,2 For most T2DM patients, metformin is considered the first line of pharmacological treatment in addition to proper diet and exercise.1,2,3 Long-term glycemic control is a common challenge in T2DM patients due to progressive nature of the disease and often a

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease that occurs in millions of Americans. It occurs when the body cannot secrete insulin or when the insulin secreted is not effectively utilized. This disease can be silent in the beginning stages yet deadly once the organs suffer severe damage along with the nerves and blood vessels. Type one and type two diabetes are comparable but have many differences which will be discussed.

Diabetes Mellitus is “a group of metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action or both. It is a disease which is caused by the insufficient insulin secretion or decrease in the peripheral effects of insulin. It is a serious problem in terms of morbidity and mortality. The hyperglycemia is associated with long term damage, dysfunction and failure of various organs especially the eyes, kidneys, nerves, heart and blood vessels. It’s associated with many complications which includes blindness of the eyes and amputations of the extremities. It is also associated with neuropathy, retinopathy, and cardiovascular diseases which lead to mortalities.

Diabetes is a systemic disease caused by a decrease in the secretion of insulin or reduced sensitivity or responsiveness to insulin by target tissue. (Beale, et al., 2011) The incidence of diabetes is growing rapidly in the United States and worldwide. An estimated 347 million people around the world are afflicted with diabetes. (Whalen, et al., 2012) According to World Health Organization (WHO), Diabetes prevalence among adults over 18 years of age has risen from 4.7% in 1980 to 8.5% in 2014. It is the major cause of blindness, kidney failure, heart attack, stroke and limbic amputation. World Health Organization (WHO) projects that diabetes will be the 7th leading cause of death in 2030. It is a complex and costly disease that can affect nearly every organ in the body and result in devastating consequences. The leading cause of non-traumatic lower extremity amputations, renal failure, and blindness in working-age adults, diabetes is also a major cause of premature mortality, stroke, cardiovascular disease, peripheral vascular disease, congenital malformations, perinatal mortality, and disability. (Cefalu, 2000) Insulin therapy and oral hypoglycemic agents have demonstrated improvement in glycaemic control. However, Insulin therapy has some disadvantages such as ineffectiveness following oral administration, short shelf life, of the need for constant refrigeration, and fatal hypoglycaemia, in the event of excess dosage.