Using Wireless Sensor Networks, Load Balance, Sensor Deployment, Holes

A group of wireless sensor nodes (devices) dynamically constructs a temporary network without the exercise of any pre-existing network infrastructure or centralized administration. The main goal of ad-hoc networking is multihop broadcasting in which packets are transferred from source node to destination node through the intermediate nodes (hops). The main function of multi hop WSN is to enable communication between two terminal devices through a bit of middle nodes, which are transferring information from one level to another level. On the foundation of network connectivity, it dynamically gets to determine that which nodes should get included in routing, each node involved in routing transmit the data to further

A WSN is a type of wireless networks that consists of collection sensor nodes which are tiny devices. Each sensor node of the network has different processing capability. It may contain multiple types of memory (program, data and flash memories), have a RF transceiver, have a power source (e.g., batteries and solar cells), and accommodate various sensors and actuators. The nodes communicate wirelessly and often self-organize after being deployed in an ad hoc fashion [13, 14]. Optimum need of each sensor node is to maximize its own utility function. Also the whole network requires resource assignments balance to perform in a useful and efficient way. This chapter presents a brief survey on WSNs showing its types, characterizing features, protocols and applications.

There are different levels for different level application in structure and scale which are important for developing the sensor network. Location sensor nodes play an important role in the real-world application such as environment monitoring and tracking and geographical routing. Location verification Algorithms are separated into two classes, one is known as op-spot verification and other is

Abstract - Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) comprises of several tiny, low-cost, resource constrained sensor nodes. These nodes are placed in harsh environments and generally are used for air pollution monitoring, water quality monitoring, industrial monitoring, health monitoring and more. Routing is difficult in such surroundings primarily due to the unique constraints the wireless sensor networks suffer from. Wireless sensor network is highly dynamic, making existing routing protocols ineffective. This paper concentrates on energy efficiency of the protocols. Both the protocol presented are hierarchical and cluster based. Both have sensor nodes and a base station (BS). The BS selects the Cluster Heads (CH) among themselves. CH is the elected sensor node which passes on the sensor data collected by sensor nodes of its cluster to either BS or other CH. All candidate nodes for becoming CH are listed, based on the various factors like relative distance of the candidate node from the Base Station, outstanding energy level, possible number of neighboring sensor nodes the

Topologies used in Wireless Sensor Network are Mesh, Star, Ring, Tree, and Bus, Fully connected.

Sensor network got tremendous focus due to its less cost and small size and which can be placed anywhere. A sensor network consists of number of sensor nodes dispersed in a specific geographical area. These sensor nodes communicate using wireless transceivers. These networks are widely used

The sensor nodes in a Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) are used for surveillance of ambient environment, which can be unpredictable. The sensor nodes are often exposed to harsh surroundings, which could lead to many problems like failure of the sensing unit, radio transceiver, and processors; not just that, also sensor node death occurs due to energy crunch eventually. So it’s understood that faults directly affect the network lifetime of a Wireless Sensor Network. Wireless Sensor Network Lifetime means the time period required for the network to function with the collective effort of sensors even if some of the nodes have failed. When this percentage of failed nodes increases, fault prevention and avoidance strategies are needed to be applied to improve reliability and performance of the network. A reliable WSN yields accurate results. For fault tolerance in WSN, maintenance of a consistent quality of service (QoS) is necessary. Also energy efficiency comes into picture, which is a difficult task to achieve.

Densely deployment nature of sensor nodes allows the sensor networks to keep functioning even if some of the nodes are destroyed or compromised. Therefore, there is a vast application of sensor networks especially in disastrous situations. Some of the examples of sensor network applications are:

Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) consists of a large number of low cost sensor nodes depolyed in parking area. These sensor nodes form a multi-hop ad-hoc network by wireless commnunication.

In sensor network node deployment falls into two classifications either a dense deployment or a meager deployment. In dense deployment in the focused on field, high quantities of sensor nodes are available. While in an inadequate deployment we have lesser nodes. Dense deployment is utilized to distinguish multiple sensors. At the point when expense of item expands it can be utilized there.

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) consists of large number of sensor nodes distributed across a geographical area in highly dense manner. These nodes are of low cost and use less energy to perform various functions. These sensors have the ability to communicate with each other and route the data to next node or back to the Base Station (BS). Sensor nodes in a sensor network communicate with other nodes and collect the information.

A mobile wireless sensor network, shortly WMSN, can be defined as a wireless network of a sensor nodes that are mobile. Motivation behind a mobile wireless sensor network is to capture real world data and convert them so it can be transferred, processed, stored and later studied or analyzed (Guo, 2014). The MWSN is usually a combination of two or more technologies such as mobility, wireless connectivity and the ability to gather local information. The mobile wireless sensor network is usually deployment of a large number of small, inexpensive, self-powered nodes and receiving station (Kumbhare, Rangaree, & Asutkar, 2016). These MWSN can be effectively used for civil and military purposes.

ABSTRACT: Wireless sensor networks is a self-configured network means any node can join it or leave it at any time. it is a self-healing and self-organizing. Self-healing networks allow nodes to reconfigure their link associations and find other pathways around powered-down nodes or failed nodes. Self-organizing allows a network automatically join new node without the need for manual interference. In this paper, we are using actor nodes to solve energy hole problem so that we can reduce energy consumption and can enhance throughput of network.

To solve the problems of flooding, an approach known as gossiping, has been proposed [ref]. Gossiping uses a simple forwarding method and does not need costly topology maintenance. It uses a randomized rule to forward data packets. Each sensor node transmits the incoming data packet to a randomly selected neighbor. After receiving the data packet, the neighbor randomly chooses one of its own neighbors and transmits the packet to the neighbor chosen. This process continues until the data packet reaches its destination or the hop count is exceeded. Gossiping limits the number of data packets that each sensor node is sent to its neighbor to one copy which avoids the implosion problem. However, random selection of neighboring node is an unsafe

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are presented their abilities in many vital applications such as wildlife tracking, checking heart rates of human, military applications, traffic monitoring, etc, [1]. Wireless sensors have limited resources, including limited storage, limited processing facility, and communication capability. In addition, each sensor node is powered by a battery, which has a finite size and cannot be recharged or replaced due to environmental conditions [2-5]. Actually, Sensor nodes depend on their finite resources to survive. Due to these reasons, it is important to enhance the energy efficiency of nodes to improve the quality of the application service REF. The first problem of WSNs is to minimize energy consumption in