Validity: External, Internal, and Construct Essay examples

The arguments I will choose to evaluate for truth and validity will be taken from the Applications list 12.2 (a.-y.) at the end of Ch. 12 in The Art of Thinking. I will start with exercise j and the premise that “power must be evil because it can corrupt people”. First of all, I would check the argument for any hidden premises making sure that it was stated fully and in a clear way. This argument seems to pass the first hurdle, however when it comes checking for errors affecting truth, the argument seems to not hold water. To start with, the part of the argument that says power corrupts all people (the all is inferred) is not true since there are many examples throughout history of people with

Validity refers to whether the research conducted is what it intended to be. Validity involves dependability, which means, a valid measure must be reliable. But, reliability doesn’t have to link to validity, a reliable measure is not required to be valid.

“With the dawn of the 16th century, there came together in Europe both the motivation and the means to explore and colonize territory across the seas” With respect to religion, trade, and technology this seems to be a valid quote referring to the 16th century and how Europeans were able to accomplish colonization and exploration on the other half of the globe.

Internal validity of this study included data collection process and student personal interest in education. For example, students may have scored in exam because they concern about their own education. Reliability of this study instrument has not been tested. This is the first time this group will have this survey. There is no former survey to use as a standard to see if there are many changes.

Now, it is time to give an overview of some of the design threats to construct validity. If the researcher did not define the construct efficiently than it can lead to the inadequate preoperational explication of constructs threat (Trochim & Donnelly, 2008). Next, is the mono-operation bias, which is the use of the study program only one time and one place (Trochim & Donnelly, 2008). Third, the mono-method bias is the use of any one measure or observation (Trochim & Donnelly, 2008). Finally, the confounding constructs and the levels of constructs threat (Trochim & Donnelly, 2008). Overall, this threat to construct validity is a labeling issue like some of the other threats to construct validity (Trochim & Donnelly, 2008). However, there are more design threats than listed in this paper to construct

For any measure to be valuable in psychological research, it needs to be both valid and reliable (Goodwin, 2008: 128). Research is reliable when more researchers have found the same results, or, within for instance behavioural research, when the same behaviour occurs at several measurements (Goodwin, 2008: 124). There are different types of validity. Firstly, there is construct validity, which measures whether an operationalisation of a construct actually measures what it is supposed to measure. Secondly, criterion validity determines whether a certain phenomenon is related to another phenomenon, and can accurately determine future developments. Lastly, content validity determines whether a test measures all aspects of the construct that is being measured (Goodwin, 2008: 125-126).

In the text book, “Theories and Research of Personality” written by Daniel Cervone and Lawrence A. Pervin, the authors talk about the goals to research and they are referring to reliability, validity, and ethical behavior. With reliability, the author is referring to the “extent to which observations can be replicated and whether the measures of the research are dependable or stable” (Cervone, Pervin 43, 2013). Reliability is extremely important to have when conducting research because if the research conducted is not reliable then when trying to get research out to people, other psychologists will not believe what you are trying to get across and in the long term affecting ones career. Also Cervone and Pervin talk about validity which is,

Consider the various threats to internal and external validity described in the text. Discuss the various threats and explain which you think would be the most threatening to the worth of a study. Which of the threats do you think would be more commonly faced than others?

Construct and face validity are internal and content validity measurement assessments. Internal validity concern is whether the effects observed in the test are due to the manipulation of the independent variable and not some other factor (McLeod, 2013). Content related assessment focus on is the content being measured appropriate (culturally, age, or ethnicity). Construct is not about the factual question it is the scientific approach of interpreting the test score. Construct validity is important for measuring abstract domains and less of an issue. Face validity is not a scientist approach. Face validity relies on input from the expert, tester, and grader to judge if the test met

According to Polit and Beck (2017), validity is the extent by which research evidence reinforces that the data analysis are truthful and the method the date is utilized is suitable. There are arrays of threats to research design validity; threats to internal validity include testing and instrumentation, temporal ambiguity, selection, history, maturation, and attrition or mortality. Research scholar needs to understand that while appraising a research study, it is imperative that the validity is analyzed prior to implementing the result into practice, implementing an untrue research into practice could result in a compromised quality of care, astronomical expenses for the organization, and insignificant outcome to patient

Reliability refers to coherence, stability and dependability in test results, generally using internal consistency to express the levels of reliability in the test. The higher reliability indicates the higher level of accordance, stabilization and dependability in test results. Reliability is the precondition of validity (Guba and Lincoln, 1981). The same findings may not generate if the same research is repeated, because many influencing factors may work in the process of research. The process of establishment in reliability research includes: the research rigorously collect and explain data in consistent investigation (internal checks); the process is transparent (sample design, field work, inquiry and rational data). Patton (1987) suggests that the use of triangulation in multiple approaches can increase the reliability in results.

Construct validity relates the qualities that the measures. It seems to have the appropriate relationship between what we wish to evaluate and what we are testing. Construct validity pursues agreement between a theoretical thought and a particular measuring device or procedure. It is considered to be higher than any other types of validity. The experimental demonstration that a test is measuring the construct it claims to be measuring is traditionally explained as construct validity. A test is said to have construct validity if it describes an association between the test score and the expectation of a theoretical trait. The word “construct” means ability or sub-ability. Intelligent tests is an example of measurement instruments that should

b. Data shows validity when the test or tool used to obtain the data is believable. Two different ways of determining validity is internal and external. Internal research will show whether the research tool used has measured what the research determined from the beginning it would measure. External research can be used to generalize what the research found into other areas that are similar to the research. A researcher can use three methods to find the validity of a test. The content method decides what content is going to be measured in the research. The construct method involves the researcher verifying a theory behind the research question and then whether the test is adequate to give valid data. A third method is the criterion related method in which

In conducting a research or survey, the quality of the data collected in the research is of utmost importance. One’s assessment may be reliable and not valid and thus this is why it is important that when designing a survey, one should also come up with the methods of testing the reliability and validity of the assessment tools. For MADD (Mothers Against Drunk Driving) to conduct a survey, the questions they propose to use must pass the validity and reliability test for one to conclude that the survey is reliable and valid. This survey will try to find out the risk factors that contribute to drunken driving by teenagers or young adults.

Reliability is defined, within psychometric testing, as the stability of a research study or measure(s). Reliability can be examined externally, Inter-rater and Test-Retest, as well as internally; which is seen in internal consistency reliability methods.