What Is The Validity Of The Turing Test

     The Turing Test has had a rich history since its creation by Alan Turing. But first of all, who was Alan Turing? As Whitby notes Alan Turing was a superb British mathematician. During World War II Turing worked in secrecy for the British military to break the German military codes together with some other scientists using some machines that had some characteristics of the modern computers.(12) After the War, a machine was built in Manchester from which “all modern computers are descended”.(12) In 1948, Alan Turing was writing programs for this machine and was also writing the paper “Computing machinery and intelligence”, published in 1950, from which the concept of the Turing Test was derived later on. (Whitby 13).

Along with Carr using the extrinsic truth, he also made sure to include the intrinsic aspect to each example. The digital computer spoken of in the section wasn’t invented at the time, therefore Turing was only but assuming. Carr said in his article that Alan Turing proved the functions of the computer, but gives no details into how he proved it.

Turing, a physicalist, believed that artificial intelligence could be achieved in the future. Turing argued that the mind was merely due to the physical aspects of the brain and so a machine could one day be created that has a mind of its own, i.e. artificial intelligence. He created a test called the Turing Test to determine whether a machine has artificial intelligence. In the Turing Test, an interrogator asks two subjects a series of questions. One of the subjects is a person, the other is the computer. The goal is for the person to imitate a computer and the computer to imitate the person. If the interrogator is fooled into thinking that the computer is the human then the computer, according to Turing, is concluded to have the ability to think and thus, have a mind. Turing argued that machines passing the Turing Test were sufficient for ascribing thought.

made by the pro camp is that man is a ‘biological machine’ and is conscious, ergo, a machine is

The essay “Watson Doesn’t Know It Won on Jeopardy!” is a paper written by John Searle on February 23, 2011 that probes at how IBM’s computer Watson has no human understanding whatsoever. Searle begins by clearing up the common misconceptions about what a computer actually is. Searle explains that a computer is simply a machine that manipulates symbols based on a programs needs and wants, and that the computational power of a computer is not human understanding; it is in fact a measure of how fast a computer can manipulate symbols. Searle then proceeds to explain the process of how a computer works in terms of a human. He explains that a computer does not understand human language at all. A computer just has a program (in binary) that tells

Alan Turing, as a Physicalist, saw the mind as the brain, since the brain is the physical object. Applying such views to machines, Turing’s Imitation Game ‘test’ is supposed to demonstrate his claim that certain machines should count as “thinking things” in the same way that we humans do. His argument being that, if a machine could imitate a human well enough to deceive a person that it was not a machine, then it should be considered “conscious.” He found that since most of what we base our foundation of consciousness on (our judgments and interactions with others), if we cannot see the responder in the game (i.e. the computer), and it responds as well as human, then it should also be considered a “thinking thing.” Turing also expected that one day machines would be able to imitate our minds so well, that we would not be able to tell the difference between a real mind or “thinking thing,” and a

It is worth noting that Turing and his concepts first surprisingly cropped up in a mainstream piece of genre defining speculative science fiction relying on real research for ideas six years prior. As Andrew Hodges notes, Arthur C. Clarke and Stanley Kubrick drew upon the concepts in On Computable Numbers and the idea of playing an “Imitation Game” with a virtual intelligence. They created a sinister exploration of the potential for an AI to deceive and kill in the film (later book) 2001: A Space Odyssey (1968). 9 10

To begin, when speaking of employment opportunities that require modest to eminent levels of complexity, the use of cognitive ability tests is recommended. Now, although this is a recommendation, the tests are also valid for other job types. One of the most alluring conditions of cognitive ability tests is that they are known for validity in a large capacity of organizations and jobs. In all actuality, they are one of few predictors that are available and deemed valid. While these tests are recommended, they are faced with two major concerns. One, the concern of an adverse impact on minorities since scoring is low for this class. Two, the reaction from applicants is typically unfavorable. For this reason, this is one of the most controversial

The necessary criteria was that if the interrogator was not able to reliably tell the machine from the human, the machines has intelligence. The test itself doesn’t test if the answer given to the question are correct, but rather if it can replicate a human’s response, more concerned about the behavioral performance than computational prowess. With the reasoning anomalies, it changes the test’s objective. Rather than testing for intelligence by looking for a human response, it tests for the limitations of processing and recollection abilities of humans. While the abilities of human being are astounding, machines excel at certain process regarding mental competences. This makes it easier to tell the difference between humans and machines, not because machines respond like humans, but rather how humans can’t think like machines. This can’t be used to test for machine

In the 21th century the new controversial debate about IQ testing involves the many flaws and incorrect way to assess an individual. Today, many scientists have dismissed the myth of an IQ scale, which people used to fall under high or low intelligence. The question that both people and experts trying to answer “Kids who score higher on IQ tests will, on average, go on to do better in conventional measures of success in life?” (Balter, 2011, para. 1). The debate among researchers is what IQ test actually measure, and the differences in scores between ethnic groups reflect intelligence, economic, and social factors maybe even both. According to Richard Nisbett a psychologist at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor in his book "Intelligence

Validity can be defined as a measure of how well a test measures what it claims to measure. In other words, validity is the overall accuracy and credibility (or believability) of a test. It’s important to understand that validity is a broad concept that encompasses many aspects of assessment (Test Validity Research). The main thing that people want to know is whether a test is valid or not, but it’s not as simple as it may sound. Validity is determined by a body of research that demonstrates the relationship between the test and the behavior its intended to measure. It is vital for a test to be valid in order for the results to be accurately applied and interpreted, especially in the context of psychological tests.

To illustrate his argument that the test is insufficient as a measurement for machine intelligence, French uses the Seagull Test as an analogy for his explanation. In the test, two philosophers on Nordic island are trying to understand what flying really is. The only flying animals on the island are Nordic seagulls, and the two philosophers know that flying is more than staying aloft since clouds stay aloft and don’t fly. Flying is also more than wings and feathers since penguins have both and can’t fly either. Having trouble pinpointing exactly what flying is, they devise the Seagull Test to distinguish what can fly and what can’t. “The Seagull Test works much like the Turing Test. Our philosophers have two three-dimensional radar screens, one of which tracks a real seagull; the other will track the putative flying machine…The machine will be said to have passed the Seagull Test for flight if both philosophers are indefinitely unable to distinguish the seagull from the machine” (French 55).

The brain has elegant control over many many functions of the body including the control of movement, memory, sensory, human emotion and languages. As a result, any investigation of conduct must be customized to the specific functions under scrutiny. Consider the examination of memory. Individuals with harm to the transient projections regularly grumble of memory unsettling influence. Anyhow memory is not a solitary capacity. We have memory for occasions, hues, names, places, and engine aptitudes, among different classes, and every must be measured independently. It would be uncommon to be sure for somebody to be impeded in just for ms of memory. One of the neuropsychological test that is used is the Corsi block test. This test requires the participant observe the researcher tap on a series of blocks, and repeat the sequence from memory. In the text Kolb and Whishaw (2014) states:

It all started with the invention of the first PC in 1946, scientists at that time wanted to combine the learning and human thinking in such machines. In 1950 Alan Turing posed a test to machines called Turing test. Basically, this test is used to examine the human behaviour of computers. First, a machine and a human being are made to sit in two different rooms side by side and there is a evaluator sitting, who records the answers and checks the similarity percentage of answers. If the answers are similar to a specific percentage, then it is said that machine has passed Turing test. In 1952 Arthur Samuel from IBM coded a first checkers playing software. He claims that the

The Journey to the Brothers’ FarmThe apartheid era in South Africa caused a separation between black and white people. The white people had the upper hand, because they had a way stronger financial background, which enabled them to employ black people to work for them. The black people were therefore undermined, and they worked as slaves. This problem is processed in the short story “The Journey to the Brothers’ Farm”, in which we are introduced to a girl named Annelie. She lives in South Africa, and has experienced terrible things, where she has experienced apartheid at first hand. The composition of the story is very interesting as it is build up in two parts. The part written in italic contains a statement received by the Tweekopfentein