the Earth in various ways, and addressing these potential risks is crucial. One of the first to address the ways humans have come to dominate the biosphere was Vitousek et al. (1997) who recognized that past and present agriculture practices had increased carbon dioxide emissions from industrial usage and dramatically transformed the earth. They provide an overview of the biosphere scale changes due to human activities: extensive changes in land use, alteration of biogeochemical cycles, decreased biological
History of Forests VII. Deforestation VIII. Conclusion IX. Endnotes X. Bibliography Forest Ecosystem I. Introduction A forest, also referred to as a wood or the woods, is an area with a high density of trees. As with cities, depending on various cultural definitions, what is considered a forest may vary significantly in size and have different classifications according to how and what of the forest is composed? These plant communities cover approximately 9.4 percent of the Earth's surface
of approximately 100-200 kilometers above the earth’s surface. Finally, the boundary of the outermost layer, the exosphere, extends roughly to 960-1000 kilometers above the earth. Figure 1: Earth's atmosphere is divided into layers, which have various characteristics. The ozone levels have decreased to a normal level. Normal meaning the levels have dropped from the levels reported in 1980. The ozone layer is an important and fragile part of earth. If we did not have an ozone layer between 10km
Introduction. Over the past century there have been rapid and noticeable changes in environmental conditions on Earth. These changes can be traced in various geospheres: alterations of the gaseous composition of the atmosphere, major decreases in global ice volume (Cryosphere), in both: land- and water based glaciers with consequent rise of sea-level (Hydrosphere), increase in the frequency and severity of geohazards (Lithosphere) etc. Triggering mechanisms for those changes include both: natural
science is broad and they are: 1. Environmental Studies is interdisciplinary in nature and needs inputs in Chemistry, Life sciences, Agriculture, Medical sciences, engineering 2. Environmental Studies deals with the complex relationships that exist in our natural environment among people, animals, other organism water, air, soil, trees, the ocean and studying the interrelationships among biotic and abiotic components for sustainable human ecosystem. 3. Environmental Studies deals with the conservation
that personal computers have become the most empowering tool we’ve ever created. They’re tools of communication, they’re tools of creativity, and they can be shaped by their user. Bill Gates, Co-founder, Microsoft Corporation Long before Apple, one of our engineers came to me with the suggestion that Intel ought to build a computer for the home. And I asked him, ‘What the heck would anyone want a computer for in his home?’ It seemed ridiculous! Gordon Moore, Past President and CEO, Intel Corporation