Various Brain Structures : Informed Consent Forms

The first is the informed consent and self determination on behalf of the participants of the research study. Participants must be willing to participate in the research and aware of of any benefits and costs. It is required that all participants are notified of the reasoning of the research, the risks within the conduction of the research and how collected data will be used. Usually plain statements will be given, in plain language that can be understood by the participants outlining what there involvement requires and the aims of the research. Following, participants will be required to sign a consent document outlining that they are aware of the details of the research and agree on

A criterion for waiving informed consent is that, when appropriate, subjects are provided additional pertinent information after the study. In which of the following studies would it NOT be appropriate to provide subjects with information about missing elements of consent:

The consent should be obtained and valid when all the procedures are followed under the regulation of HT Act. Individual who wish to participate in research must sign a consent form. A choice should be given to participant to volunteer and should not be pressurised either directly or indirectly to obtain consent. Participants have the rights to withdraw any time and information are provided with risk and benefits from the research (Hta.gov.uk, 2015),

Therefore, the overall estimates of OUD reported in this paper are combinations of the prevalence of disordered use of these opioids. Moreover, in this paper, incidence of OUD is described by reporting past-year first time use of opioids. This measure is an alternative for reporting of incidence rates due to challenges with its measurement (Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 2014). This paper describes the occurrence of OUD and its risk factors. Moreover, this paper will highlight prevention and treatment models, as well as abuse-deterrent technologies that have been created. Altogether, the findings of the paper demonstrate demographics changes in the trends of OUD occurrence, as well as the challenges in treating and preventing OUD.

As previously discussed, the program the author would choose to evaluate is MAT treatment programs. This population consists of individuals that have been diagnosed with opiate use disorder, and receive opiate-substitution medications, such as Methadone or Suboxone. These program evaluations would be consumer-centered, performed in the clinics they receive services. Interested stakeholders would include the treatment center where the participants receive services, as well as other MAT service providers. Additionally, the funding sources for these individuals and program centers, such as county, state, and federal agencies, along with medical insurers, would also gain value from the program evaluation research.

To ensure the proposed study is academically, professionally, and ethically sound, researchers shall complete a risk assessment on the proposed method (participants, materials and design) of the study. This risk assessment will form the basis of the application to Swinburne University’s Research Ethics Office for ethical review. This application will address the risks identified with the participants used, including recruitment and informed consent, as well as data and publication arrangements.

69,000 patients in substance abuse treatment revealed that methadone was fourth for risk of abuse out of 11 opiate based prescription drugs. Worse, after adjustment for prescriptions, methadone advanced to the number one position for abused compounds. Even more startling was a simple random population sample, surveyed by telephone, which reported methadone as the second most used drug. However, Butler et al. cite a major limitation in that the data examined came from subjects who had entered treatment for substance use disorders. Like Plater et al. (2012) aside from the telephone survey, they were unable to examine data for abusers not in treatment (2011).

During the last seven months whilst working at a men’s shelter (Cornerstone Community Association, in the heart of Oshawa, which some may say is the drug capital of the Durham Region) many of the shelter guests (men who stay in the shelter) have disclosed being on the methadone maintenance program, stating as a result of being addicted to opioid drugs. I have chosen to write about this psychoactive drug because I want to explore, become more knowledgeable and more confident when talking about this complex drug.

An opiate-dependent person does not have the inability to think clearly and adapt easily into a life without the opiates. When an addict is presented with the challenge of stopping the use of opiates, the brain needs it more than ever before. Even long after the withdrawal symptoms are gone; an addict must deal with post acute withdrawal syndrome (PAWS). The syndrome lasts from six to eighteen months after the last use. It has importance to the recovering addict’s ability to benefit from recovery, treatment, function effectively on the job, interact with family and friends, and regain emotional health.

The study was carried across fifteen days in specifically repeated measures (Greenwald, p. 54, 2009). The two groups were established based on the level and power of heroin cravings. Greenwald tested their levels of cravings after the first three days of methadone administration as well as through a computerized, forty-five item scale. Thirty minutes before the methadone was administered,

Opioid Use Disorder (OUD) is a chronic and potentially life-threatening disease, and the main feature of which is addictive and compulsive opioid use (Drugs & Crime, 2010). Opioid drugs include some of the prescribed pain relievers as well as illicit drugs, such as heroin, codeine, oxycodone, etc. In the United States, about 9.5 million adults use pain relievers for nonmedical purpose, 1.6 million adults meet diagnostic criteria of pain reliever use disorders, and 0.56 million have heroin use disorder (Hedden, 2015), at a huge social and financial cost (Alan G. White et al., 2011). Furthermore, the relapse rate of OUD patients in treatment is high (Davstad et al., 2007).

Opiate addiction is an intricate part of the history here in the United States and globally. It is a cycle of abuse, misinformation, medical discovery, pain, and death that spans generations. While many naively believe that this type of addiction is unique to the late 20th and 21st century, it is one that our ancestors battled. Among laymen and physicians, there is a mixture of misunderstanding about what this type of addiction is and how it, not only, stems from the nature of opiates but the psychological factors behind this type of disease. Opioid and Heroin addiction are treatable with a combination of chemical treatment and counseling. Having worked in a Methadone clinic that specialized in this specific combination treatment that required

Opiate use disorder is an epidemic, and continues to be a growing problem. It is defined as the overuse of opiate medication, which can be prescribed or obtained illegally (Lin, Bohnert, Price, Jannausch, Bonar, and Ilgen, 2015). Sobriety continues to be a struggle for patients. This is true for those who have completed inpatient treatment as well. The documented pattern in this disorder is that multiple relapse episodes is a direct indicator of fatality (Ohannessian, 2014). Increased perception of acceptable pain levels have been shown to be an important indicator of opiate use (Lin, et al, 2015). Further review of the literature shows accountability can also be a key factor in increasing sobriety rates (Weiss, et al, 2014). The Advanced Practice Nurse (APN) is equipped to combine these findings using a therapeutic relationship with the patient (Thorkildsen, Eriksson, & Råholm, 2015). The trusting relationship has the potential to increase patient compliance with clinic sessions as well as openness to share emotional and physical triggers that may lead to relapse. This is a holistic approach to care that can potentially save many lives. The role of learned helplessness in patients dealing with recurrent pain has been shown to lead to misuse of pain relieving medications (Sheftell & Atlas, 2002) Given the addictive nature of opiates, this misuse can be a leading risk factor for

People that can access prescribed opiates can easily become physically dependent on the high; whereas, an individual who cannot obtain them have symptoms of withdrawal. This causes a broad range of heroin seeking behavior. It has become evident that users who are dependent on

The patient recognizes his substance abuse is interfering with his life, but needs assistance with addressing the opioid dependence referring to alternatives for his trigger points. During the course of the session, there was no evidence of