Vasoconstrictor Effect

METHODS: One hundred and fifty ASA physical status I or II patients undergoing elective, non-cardiac procedures were randomised, to one of the three treatments such as either normal saline or lignocaine 2mg/kg or fentanyl 2mcg/kg. Intubation was carried out 3 minutes after administration of these study drugs. Patients received Midazolam before induction, and Thiopental, Rocuronium during anaesthesia. The heart rate, blood pressure and SPO2 were recorded a day before (B),

Numerous studies have been conducted on the use of local anesthetic agents with adjuvants such as clonidine (a partial α2-adrenoreceptor agonist) and tramadol3, 4 for a brachial plexus block to improve the quality and duration of anesthesia, and these studies have shown that the adjuvants may prolong anesthesia and analgesia. Moreover, dexmedetomidine is a α2-receptor agonist that has more selectivity than clonidine and has analgesic and sedative properties.5, 6 Although several studies have described the effects of dexmedetomidine on neuroaxial and peripheral nerve blocks,7, 8, 9 to date, there is only 1 study available, performed by Esmaoglu et al,10 on the effect of adding dexmedetomidine to levobupivacaine for an axillary brachial plexus block. In view of the idea that decreasing the dose of dexmedetomidine may help to reduce side effects such as bradycardia and hypotension, we wanted to evaluate the effect of dexmedetomidine at a lower dose than that used in their study and the results. We think that more studies on this issue are needed.

The article highlighted that local anaesthetics are thought to access low-affinity sites in voltage-gated sodium channels in a resting or closed state, but high-affinity sites in channels in open or inactivated states. Therefore, the degree of potency is reduced when there is an increase in the amount of channels in the low affinity state. This can occur through opioid-tolerance. Overall, the article supports the notion that blocking sodium channels inhibits the generation of action potentials. Further, a persistent increase in this blockage can lead to a decrease in the potency of other substances with analgesic or anaesthetic

Sedation has always been a popular method to alleviate dental anxiety. Dr. Fred Quarnstrom (1996) writes that nitrous oxide has been popular because its effects diminish quickly after application is terminated. "Patients can drive after a relatively short recovery time." It is a safe form of sedative, and "offers a major advantage when we consider an overdose. By removing the source of the drugÉthey will excrete most inhalation agents via the lungs, thus reducing the overdose" (p. 5). While this is a popular method, it is not the best method to alleviate the anxiety that many dental patients have. Dentists instead should be concerned with the working with the patient's anxiety, not simply displacing it for the duration of their visit. The three main areas that show the most promise in decreasing patient anxiety include an increased amount of interaction between dentist and patient, hypnotherapy, and improved dental technology.

Although propranolol is commonly used to decrease high blood pressure, it is also said to block adrenaline from reaching the brain. Studies, such as

postoperative pain. (6) However, the effects of these drugs on pain control are compared in

Different types of anesthetics can be used for different scenarios and part of an anesthesiologist’s job is to identify

During maintenance of the anesthesia 4mg of dexamethasone and 4mg of ondansetron were given to prevent nausea. She received 300ml of lactated ringers. She was ventilated with pressure support. She remained hemodynamically stable throughout the case. The anesthesia gas was switched to desflurane towards the end of the case to facilitate an awake extubation. She received an additional 40mg of diprivan with emergence and 25mcg of fentanyl.

After three sets of observation within thirty minutes, Mrs. Bowman’s consciousness level has increased indicated by responding to the vocal stimuli. This might suggest she was just in the process of recovery of the general anaesthesia. The information is consistent with her increased pain sensation. She was tachycardiac at 104 bpm with BP at 151/94 bpm, which were above the normal range. The increased pulse rate and BP could be associated with increased pain ((Jarvis et. al 2012). However, her

For day care surgical procedures, to minimize the time spent in recovery room, an induction agent with a rapid recovery and minimal residual sedation is required. Propofol is commonly used for day care surgical procedures because of its rapid onset and offset action with minimal residual sedation. An imidazole derivative, etomidate shares beneficial features of rapid onset and recovery profiles. Additionally etomidate also associated with high degree of haemodynamic stability.7 Although etomidate suppresses adrenocortical functions, a single injection used for induction of anaesthesia will only produces a transient and clinically insignificant interference with adrenocortical functions.8-11 In the present study, we have evaluated and compared

Lignocaine, a local anaesthetic, showed inhibition of peristalsis because it blocks sodium-ion protein channels in nerves. This prevented the initiation and proliferation of nerve action potentials; hence its use as a local anaesthetic (Nagy & Woolf, 1996). It acts on nociceptive neurons, which resulted in a diminished amplitude of contraction. This indicates that partial inhibition occurred. Partial inhibition of the peristaltic reflex was also

In all, when compared to other GABAa agonist such as thiopental, methohexital, and etomidate, propofol has shown to decrease the occurrence of major side effects involved with general anesthesia in use today. This, along with its perfusion proficiency and high positive outcome rate are why propofol is in continued use, even after over 30 years of medical advancement, and bad press due to recreational propofol abuse, leading to the deaths of those without the proper training needed to administer such a

It is suggested that ketamine (racemic) and ketamine(s+)had potent analegesic effect in comparison with placebo on a wide range of pain modalities ,which involves spatial and temporal summation aspects. If we chose target concentration of ketamine(postulated close to plasma concentration), which have been worked on depression of auditory evoked potentials and hypnotic effect. Actually, the ideal ratio of ketamine (racemic): ketamine(s+) for this is close to 2:1. (4)In the clinical study, (s+) isomer was found to be four times more potent than the (R-) isomer for management of postoperative orofacial

Regional anesthesia (RA) techniques, including neuraxial and peripheral nerve block, lead to decrease in postoperative pain (subsequently reducing opioid consumption and associated adverse effects), decrease in nausea and vomiting.(11)

Drugs that affect the autonomic nerves system are dived in to two groups (cholinergic and adrenergic) according to the type of neuron receptors involved during the mechanics of action of the drug. The cholinergic drugs affect the receptors which are activated by the acetylcholine, meanwhile the adrenergic drugs acts of the receptors which are activated by epinephrine or norepinephrine.