Vasopressin Hormone Research Paper

Reproductive monogamy is defined as an exclusive sexual relationship between a female and a male based on their sexual interactions. Social Monogamy refers to male and female’s social living arrangement without sexual interactions. It refers to the living patterns, raising offsprings, and obtaining food. Monogamy is common in birds, but also occurs in invertebrates. Why would a male mammal choose to mate with one female when he can mate with more than one? Why would the male stay around instead of finding another female to live with? Many researchers have attempted to answer this question of why some mammals prefer monogamy over polygamy. Vole rats, one of the species that perform monogamous mating, demonstrate pair boding. Male and female pairs of vole rats have been observed together over several months, and the males stay with females even when the female is not reproductively active. A typical vole family in the wild is almost always consisted of one male, one female, and their offspring. In addition, unlike other species in which females are the only ones taking care of the offspring, vole rats share parental roles and even build nests together. Because they show these monogamous behaviors, they have served as a good species/model to learn about monogamy for neuroscientists. In this paper, monogamy, specifically in vole rats, will be explained along with its proximate and ultimate causes of this adaptation.

The experiment shows reductionism. The intricate idea of ‘aggression’ and ‘generosity’ are studied and a cause and effect relationship is established between them and testosterone. The amygdala and hypothalamus play an important role in emotions (aggression). However, there was no mention of their role in the body nor how it may affect the results in different ways.

Most widely used matrices for assessing cortisol are blood and saliva. Both these methods are Point estimates oh HPA activities that are subject to circadian station to be confounded by environmental disturbances. Urinary and fecal samples your measurements of cortisol that’s been a number of hours of two a full day in some cases. Collection of multiple samples using any of these matrices be provided rest composite and index of court levels over time. Measuring cortisol has begun to fill the void trip truly long term index and HPA activity. Meyer & Novak 2012 To date, the majority of studies have investigated cortisol responses using samples of serum, saliva, or urine. The most commonly used assays to detect cortisol in these samples are radioimmunoassays

the new behaviors they adapt to are of interest to both Ivan Pavlov and Edward Thorndike. .Sex

Most people have heard about cortisol and that it is related to both stress and to weight gain, but not a lot of people understand much about it beyond that. It is actually a hormone that is released naturally by your adrenal glands. This happens naturally when you are under stress. The point of it is to help your body respond to what is going on around you. The trouble occurs when the levels stay high for too long. When people remain in a constant state of stress, they have increased cortisol levels. This, in turn, can cause health problems. Some of the problems that this can cause or exacerbate are weight gain, disrupted sleep, high blood pressure, low energy, and a bad mood.

Anacker and colleagues (2011) investigated the effect of peer interaction on alcohol consumption in prairie voles. This study sought to determine whether prairie voles would change their alcohol consumption to match that of a partner. Briefly, animals were isolated for four days with access to 10% ethanol and water and labeled “high,” “medium,” and “low” drinkers based on the amount of ethanol they consumed. Prairie voles were then housed with a same-sex animal of the opposite drinking level, with a wire mesh divider allowing them to have separate water and ethanol. Following a period of four days, voles were again isolated to determine if any changes in drinking behavior would continue in isolation. Results of this study indicate that prairie

In this experimental study, Robinson, Myers, Hofer, Shair, and Welch look at the way in which Prairie Vole pups may show companion preference for their mothers (the dam) over their fathers (the sire) primarily through the increase rate of vocal cues (potentiation) they exhibit after being separated from the dam. Two main experiments were conducted in this study, the main difference being that in one (Experiment 1) the vole parents were drugged and inactive during reunions with the pups, whereas in the second (Experiment 2) the parents were not drugged, and were active during the reunion with the pups. In both of these experiments, the pup was first placed in an isolation test cage, followed by a reunion with either the dam, sire, two litter

The association between Arginine vasopressin and visual processing is one of the least studied regions when it comes to AVP and sensory integration links although many visual inputs enter brain regions which are comprised of vasopressin receptors. One of the few studies that research this link includes an exploration of visual opsin sequences in diverse vertebrate animals. The researchers claimed that the visual opsins and AVP receptors are located together in the same genomic region(130). For instance, in chickens, it was claimed that a visual opsin was sharing a genomic region with AVT in the neurons. Nonetheless, even though the other functions of opsins besides the visual ones are still unknown, a study performed in Japan hypothesize that the pigments are permitting the neurons to react to light and contribute with coordination of behavior (Bester et al. 2015).

Researchers decided to use the rodent species of the prairie vole and the meadow vole in their study. This was done because the social traits of the prairie vole, i.e. being socially monogamous and biparental, often coevolve with other cooperative behaviors that increase direct or indirect fitness, including social buffering among colony members (Burkett et al., 2016). The meadow vole, in contrast, are promiscuous breeders with no formal social structure. Thus, Burkett and colleagues offered the following three hypotheses. Firstly, they hypothesized that if both voles are placed under reproducible laboratory conditions, then the prairie vole will show consolation behavior while the

Epinephrine is also known as adrenaline. Epinephrine is the hormone that raises the heart rate and increases the blood pressure. The Adrenal Gland is what produces epinephrine. The way epinephrine affects our body is when the “adrenal gland releases epinephrine into the bloodstream it signals the heart to pump harder this increased the blood pressure, and then opens airways in the lungs, narrowing blood vessels in the skin and intestine to increase blood flow to major muscle groups, and then enables the body to fight or run when encountering a perceived threat. For example, this hormone is the one responsible for the way you would act up when a bully picks on you and you have to decide whether to fight or run away.

“Goy then went on to show that if you manipulate testosterone level – raising it in females, cutting it off in males – you reverse those effects, creating sweet little boy monkeys and rough-and-tumble girls. (Blum, 238)

8This product is unique because it is a vaccine. The somatostatin, a peptide hormone, inhibits the action of growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor, both of which increase metabolism and result in weight loss. The vaccine would modify somatostatin by engineering so that the chemical inhabitation is removed and antibodies are created against somatostatin. Because somatostatin is secreted in the digestive system, the hormone would eventually be carried to the brain where it would have a great likelihood of interacting with the chemical makeup of the brain and thereby have an encompassing psychological

Hyperpituitarism is the over production of pituitary hormones caused by a benign tumor in the pituitary gland that can interfere with other pituitary hormone functions, resulting in target organ hormone deficiencies.1 Hyperpituitarism has two sub forms called Acromegaly and Gigantism.7

The main function of Serotonin is its ability to balance your mood and to help you feel better.

Judson, an evolutionary biologist, portrayed as Dr. Tatiana, a sex columnist, cleverly conveys mind-boggling facts about an array of creatures within the animal kingdom using a satirical approach. “I am a queen bee, and I’m worried. All my lovers leave their genitals inside me then drop dead. Is this normal?” writes a concerned honeybee in regards to the sexual practices of her mate’s. Dr. Tatiana goes on to show understanding for the honeybees concern and explains just why her mates do what they do. As a reader, one gains intriguing information on the sexual idiosyncrasy of honeybees. The author achieves her overall goal of informing the reader of sexual biology by addressing the issue on a personal level, making a claim. Then following up with facts that support the claim.