Vectors, Biology And Transmission Cycles

Taking about a week to fully mature into an adult and living for several months, the shrimp do have a surprisingly long life cycle being also able to reproduce up to 300 cysts every 4 days in the right conditions. Other variables such as salinity, temperature, light, pH levels, water levels and predatory presence play a large role in the hatching rate of the crustacean. The brine shrimp are an extremely versatile micro-crustacean as they can survive up to 10x salt concentration of ordinary sea water (Eol.org, 2016) and are able to protect themselves during drought or when conditions are not ideal for survival. This is called highly resistant encysted gastrula embryo (cyst) that is easily able to hatch under conditions that can be replicated at home.

To fight of viruses, each of them have a special antibody formed to kill that particular virus. To be able to fight them, we need to have more antibodies, so our body produces antibodies to protect itself.

The immune system depends on the body’s structures to help it function. For instance, the skin acts as the “body’s first line of defense.” If a pathogen finds a breach in the skin barrier, it is the circulatory system that must now signal the immune system of the invader. Shortly after, white blood cells will be notified of the infection and will target and destroy the pathogen.

Protection- By white blood cells, antibodies and complement proteins that circulate in blood and defend again foreign microbes and toxins. Also white blood cells clot when body is injured.

4. Complement (p.458)(complement system): Set of serum proteins designated numerically according to their order of discovery

Mosquitoes are the host to many diseases the pose a threat to humans, domestic animals, and wildlife. Endemic birds are the most affected by the transmission of avian diseases through mosquitoes. Controlling the mosquito popular is key in bringing back the native bird population.

Mosquitos are the main transmitter of this virus. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), pigs and birds are also part of the transmission cycle, which increases the risk of infection to people living near these animals. According to WHO, there are twenty-four countries that have a risk of infection, particularly in the South-East region of Asia and the Western Pacific.

Life cycle ; first day -female lay eggs, second day the eggs hatch, on third day the first instar,fourth day-the second instars, fifth day-third and final instar, seventh day larvae begin roaming

The next stage is called the pasture stage. The infective larvae move in moisture films by wriggling randomly onto the leaves and stems of pasture. Most of the larvae will die within 3 to 6 weeks as they do feed but survive on energy reserves, although they have the potential to live up to one year.

But maggots do more than that, says Sherman, who raises the tiny, worm-like fly larvae in a laboratory at the University of California, Irvine. His research shows that in the mere two to three days they live in a

Journal of Virology states that West Nile Virus has numerous different proteins on the surface of the envelope. Thanks to these proteins virus can penetrate into host cells without being detected by immune system. (N-linked glycosylation of the E proteins). WNV also equipped with envelope E glycoprotein (major structural protein) on the viron which is also the antigen that elicits neutralizing antibodies. Normally Interferon prohibits infections. Once infection is present WNV is resistant to the effects of antiviral interferon.

+ They normally lay two to three eggs once a year and the eggs hatch

A complement dependent reaction of type II hypersensitivity is an antibody directed against antigen on the cell or

The first step in the life cycle of the dragonfly is to lay eggs. In summer, adults lay eggs in the water. After one week of being laid, eggs start hatching. This hatching occurs in the fall. The babies of the dragonfly begin growing. In winter these babies turn into nymphs. Nymphs continue feeding and growing and in winter they turn into moits who have wings. Defore eggs can be laid again, moits have to turn into adult dragonflies, which takes a few weeks or months. Eggs can be laid again by adults in the summer and the cycle continues for one generation after another

This type of mosquito that usually carries the yellow fever is called Aedes aegypti. Among the two kinds, urban yellow fever is the cause of most yellow fever outbreaks.