Ventilator Associated Pneumonia Essay

It has been repeatedly stated that oral care is important in the prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP). Endotracheal intubation predisposes patients to developing VAP. The tube acts as a conduit from the mouth to the lungs – a perfect track for bacteria to descend upon. Khezeri, et al. (2014) suggest that “the presence of an endotracheal tube (ETT) inhibits normal coughing, normal swallowing, and the protection of the trachea contact by epiglottis closure.” In addition, an endotracheal tube keeps the patients mouth open – leading to dryness. Bacteria are not washed away by saliva. Also, Landgraf, et al. (2017) mention that the presence of an endotracheal tube in the mouth causes “changes in the oral epithelium” which “might indicate risk for infection in intensive care patients

The prevention of VAP through standardized care can reduce mortality rates, reduce mechanical ventilation days, and decrease costs and improve patient outcome.

According to Hunter (2012, p.40) “VAP is a hospital acquired pneumonia that occurs 48 hours or more after tracheal intubation or acute tracheostomisation”. VAP is one of the most common nosocomial infection responsible for one third of mortal respiratory infections in European ICUs (Adib-Hajbaghery et al. 2011).

Ventilator - associated pneumonia (VAP) is the second most common hospital acquired infection (HAI) and is associated with high morbidity and mortality rates for ventilated patients in intensive care units (Bingham, Ashley, Jong, & Swift, 2010). The VAP increases patients’ mortality rates, length of stay and hospital costs (Hiner, Kasuya, Cottingham, & Whitney, 2010). The VAP is the leading causes of death due to nosocomial infections and the

Among critically-ill patients in acute care facilities, pneumonia is one of the most frequently acquired hospital infections (Curtin, 2011). Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is the second most common healthcare-associated infection (HAI) in the United States and it is responsible for approximately 25% of infections that occur in intensive care units (Sedwick et al., 2012). VAP is defined as a hospital-acquired lung infection that develops in patients who are intubated and receiving mechanical ventilation at the time of or within 48 hours prior to the onset of infection (Sedwick et al., 2012; Gianakis et al., 2015). The definition of VAP, provided by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), encompasses a combination of radiological,

Ventilator-associated pneumonia is a bacterial infection that occurs in the lower respiratory system within the first 48 hours of endotrachal intubation (Lewis, Dirksen, Heitkemper, Bucher, & Camera, 2011). Although any hospital patient is susceptible to pneumonia, ventilator dependent patients are at the highest risk of acquiring pneumonia. The purpose of this paper is to identify the risk factors, incidences, and preventions of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) using a quantitative research study performed in Malaysia. “The aim of this

Ventilator associated pneumonia (VAP) is a hospital acquired infection occurs in the intensive care unit (ICU) for the patients who are on mechanical ventilator. It further complicates the hospital course by extending the length of stay, increase the cost of treatment, and increases the mortality rate. It is estimated that about 1% to 3% patients on mechanical ventilator develops VAP per day. Compared to the previous years, the Chlorhexidine mouth care and other ventilator bundle strategies decreased the VAP rate. Evidence based research studies proved that almost 89.7% reduction in VAP occurs after the implementation of ventilator bundle and other care related to it (Hutchins et al,

The purpose of this paper is to assess the effects of oral care on ventilator-associated pneumonia for inpatient

Combinations of various criteria to establish a diagnosis in patients with VAP have been suggested and validated (Table 1). The National Nosocomial Infection Surveillance (NNIS) system was developed in the 1970s by the Centers for Disease Control as a tool to describe the epidemiology of hospital-acquired infections and to produce aggregated rates of infection suitable for inter-hospital comparison, but was never compared to pathological results. The NNIS system was compared to bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid cultures in 292 trauma patients and had a sensitivity of 84% and a specificity of 69% [15]. More recently, the Clinical Pulmonary Infection Score (CPIS) was proposed by Pugin et al. [16], based on six variables (fever, leukocytosis, tracheal aspirates, oxygenation, radiographic infiltrates, and semi-quantitative cultures of tracheal aspirates with Gram stain) [16]. The original description showed a sensitivity of 93% and specificity of 100%, but this study included only 28 patients and the CPIS was compared to quantitative culture of BAL fluid using a 'bacterial index ' defined as the sum of the logarithm of all bacterial species recovered, which is not considered an acceptable gold standard for the diagnosis of VAP. Compared to pathological diagnosis, CPIS had a moderate performance with a sensitivity between 72 and 77% and specificity between 42 and 85% [11,17]. Likewise, CPIS was not sufficiently accurate compared to a BAL fluid-established

Ventilator- associated pneumonia is a common infection in patients admitted to the ICU. With the increasing rate in of ventilator associated pneumonia it is estimated that it may “account for up to 60% of all death from healthcare- associated infections( HAIs) in the U.S”( Ventilator Associated Pneumonia, 2015 ) . This statistic has made ventilator-associated pneumonia one of the top concerns in the health care setting. It is estimated that ventilator- associated pneumonia increases patient stay in the ICU and it generates “ an increase cost of $20, 000 to $40, 000” ”(Ventilator Associated Pneumonia, 2015). In dealing with ventilator- associated pneumonia prevention is crucial. Several guideless have been develop to decrease the occurrence of ventilator-associated pneumonia but the most important measure is continuous education. So, in ICU healthcare workers does the use of an easy to complete questionnaire to assess personal knowledge and clinical practice help prevent ventilator associated pneumonia compared to not having an user friendly assessment tool?

According to Safer healthcare now (2012), “Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is defined as a pneumonia occurring in patients requiring a device intermittently or continuously to assist respiration through a tracheostomy or endotracheal tube” p11.The development of VAP has many potential causes some of which included aspiration, intubation procedure, biofilm formation,

Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) refers to bacterial pneumonia developed in patients who have been mechanically ventilated for more than 48 hours. Whilst there is no universally accepted definition of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP)(Department of Health (DoH) 2010), it is viewed as a hospital-acquired infection caused by the aspiration of bacteria past the endotracheal cuff after 48 hours of being intubated, which can develop into pneumonia. VAP is known to extend intensive care unit (ICU) stay and has substantial cost implications of up to £12,000 per patient episode (Fletcher et al., 2008). Safadar et al., (2005) suggest that strategies for the prevention of VAP are urgently needed to help reduce hospitalisation costs, incidence of mortality and improve patient

Ventilator –associated pneumonia (VAP) is a hospital acquired infection affecting the respiratory system which occurs on hospitalized patients in critical care unit on mechanical ventilator. VAP is the second most common hospital acquired infection (HAI) with high mortality and morbidity rate for ventilated patients in intensive care unit. (Bingham. Ashley, Jong & Swift, 2010). Patients on mechanical ventilator spend more days in the hospital which in turn affects health care cost. VAP prevention is ongoing for nurses working in Intensive care unit. It is the duty of the nurses to help in VAP prevention by adhering to the interventions in the ventilator bundle in their daily

In high acute settings, such as intensive care units essential nursing care such as oral care is very vital to prevent life-threatening complications such as nosocomial – acquired, Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia (VAP), and also most patients in intensive care are on oral intubation, and medications such as anticholinergics, antihypertensives, which may lead to xerostomia (dry mouth). One of the challenging nosocomial infections is VAP, and a leading cause of mortality in hospital patients in high acuity settings (Jones, 2007). The development of VAP is occurred due to mechanical ventilation, longer ICU stays and longer intubation periods, increasing the mortality of ICU patients to as high as 70 per cent (Jones, 2007). Good

At this point this student has moved in the direction of reviewing studies based on ventilator associated pneumonia (VAP). Moreover, considering VAP bundles, with a detailed interest into their effectiveness both as a bundle and which accompanying parts may be more effective than others. VAP bundles have become a standard of care, and there is plenty of evidence which supports the need for them to be initiated. However, there are some studies that question their usefulness and categorically delve into specific aspects that have been found to be ineffective; yet are still utilized. A potential PICO question could be: Ventilator Associated Pneumonia (VAP) afflicts between 9-27% of patients and is the leading cause of death amongst Hospital-associated