Ventricular Septal Defect Research Paper

6. What happens to Caleb’s systemic cardiac output as a result of his ventricular septal defect (VSD)? Explain your answer. Caleb’s systemic cardiac output will be decreased. His blood will enter the right ventricle be pumped to the lungs, return to the left ventricle and then be shunted back to the right ventricle. This causes more blood to enter the right ventricle. The extra blood then leaving the right ventricle causes a volume overload to the lungs. Because blood is being shunted back to the right ventricle, there is a lesser volume of oxygenated blood that leaves the heart to supply the rest of the body.

A ventricular septal defect (VSD) is one of the most common congenital heart defects. During fetus development, a gap occurs in the heart’s lower wall between two ventricular chambers and allows blood to pass through from the left to the right side of the heart. The blood rich with oxygen, pumped back to the lungs instead of out to the body and cause the heart to work harder than usual.

2. The defect in Caleb’s heart allows blood to mix between the two ventricular chambers. Due to this defect would you expect the blood to move from left-to-right ventricle or right-to-left ventricle during systole? Explain your answer based on blood pressure and resistance in the heart and great vessels. It goes left to right during systole. The difference is normally, oxygen-poor (blue) blood returns to the right atrium from the body, travels to the right ventricle, and then is pumped into the lungs where it receives oxygen. Oxygen-rich (red) blood returns to the left atrium from the lungs, passes into the left ventricle, and then is pumped out to the body through the aorta. But when an infant has ventricular septal defect it still allows oxygen-rich (red) blood to pass from the left ventricle, through the opening in the septum, and then mix with oxygen-poor (blue) blood in the right ventricle. (ROCHESTER.EDU) but instead when systole occurs the blood gets mixed because of the septum therefore heart needs to pump harder to ensure that enough blood with oxygen reaches the body.

Critical Congenital Heart Defects are abnormalities of the heart structure that are present at birth. These occur because of incomplete or abnormal development of the fetus’ heart. These defects can cause severe mortality within the newborn stage (Goldstein, 2013, p.1). Several are known to be linked to genetic disorders such as Down syndrome and others are thought to be linked to environmental factors that women can be exposed to while pregnant. The cause of most CCHD’s is unknown.

Additionally, using a stethoscope, a doctor will often hear a heart murmur caused by the blood blowing through the atrial septal defect. It is not uncommon for a murmur to not be detected right at birth. PAPVR isn 't hereditary but is a result of when the veins don 't come together and grow properly

Tricuspid atresia is treated from birth and involve a combination of operations within the first two years of life. Initially a cardia catheterization procedure is done to evaluate the defects. Then generally 3 operations are done, including a Blalock-Taussig shunt, Glenn Shunt (done at 4-6 months of age) which replaces the initial shunt, and finally a Fontan procedure (done at 2-3 years of age) which forms a second that directs blood from the inferior vena cava to the right pulmonary artery. The Glenn shunt is left in place. Aortic Valve Stenosis is a heart defect that is either congenital or acquired. The disease itself can be described basically as the inability of the valve to open completely. Atrial Septal defect is caused by an opening the atrial septum, there are 2 ways it can be caused, including a congenital cause, or the hole that is present in the heart of every fetus is not properly closed at the postnatal stage. Coarctation of the aorta is the narrowing of the aorta and is a congenital disease. It can occur anywhere in the aorta however most often is found in the segment just after the aortic arch. Patent Ductus Arteriosus is usually found a

The heart leaked a small VSD doesn't require surgery to close the hole. After birth, your baby's doctor will observe and treat the symptoms while waiting to see if the heart of the leak can be shut down by itself.

For the female population with congenital ventricular defects pregnancy is an issue. Cardall, at the age of eight had pneumonia, then at the age of 13 he had staphylococcal septicemia and endocarditis. Cardall had complications with most of his procedures and

Along with most things, a person can be born with an abnormal heart. One defect is called Shone’s Complex (syndrome, disorder, anomaly). Shone’s is a rare congenital heart disease affecting the left side of the heart. The disease consists of four defects; coarctation (narrowing) of the aorta, “parachute” mitral valve, supravalvular mitral membrane (SVMM), and valvular/subvalvular aortic stenosis. Coarctation of the aorta prevents blood flow to the body via the left ventricle. When two leaflets

His work led to the evolution of radiofrequency energy catheters, which use radiofrequency energy to heat the catheter tip and perform a more precise ablation than what was possible with direct current ablation. (UCSF.(2012). When cardiac ablation is performed the surgeon is targeting the diseased conductive tissue once this is done, this will assist in correcting atrial fibrillation within the heart. These surgeries can be either minimally invasive or require an open surgical approach. Cardiac ablation is achieved through a cardiac catheter this delivers radiofrequency energy or cryoenergy to the defective area this is considered to be a minimally invasive approach. The electrophysiologist will insert a catheter into the femoral vein/artery and threads it to the right or left atrium and ventricle. They will then test different areas of the heart to try and reproduce dysrhythmia upon doing this they will then ablate the area of the heart where the disturbance takes place. Another alternative would be an open surgery known as a sternotomy approach this is where a midline incision is made in the sternum of the chest. Cannulation of the superior and inferior vena cava will then take place for a cardiopulmonary bypass. The surgeon will occlude the ascending aorta and infuse cardioplegic solution into the coronary arteries. Once this is done a right and left atriotomy is performed and the targets are ablated. The atriotomies are closed, the aorta is unclamped, cardiopulmonary bypass is stopped, cannulas are removed, chest tubes will be inserted at this time and the surgical wound is closed. Upon completion of the surgery the patient is taken to the PACU and monitored for heart rhythm issues as well as, bleeding, infection, or any other complications from the procedure. ( Fuller, J. (2013).(p.922). There are

Congenital heart disease include many different types of defects. Some of these defects are simple, such as a hole in the septum. Others, are more complex and severe that include combinations of simple defects, problems with the location of blood vessels leading to and from the heart and other serious problems with the development of the heart. The different types of defects ranging from simple to complex are holes in the heart (septal defects or atrial septal defects-ASD), Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA-abnormal blood flow occurs between the aorta and pulmonary artery), Narrowed valves

The normal flow of blood through the heart consists of the entry of blood to the right atrium through to the right ventricle and then the blood passes through the tricuspid valve entering the lungs and then through to the left atrium and to the left ventricle via the mitral valve and finally into the body. During fetal development, however there are the risks for congenital anomalies. These congenital heart disorders consist of Atrial septal defect (ASD) and Ventricular septal defect (VSD). ASD is one of the common congenital heart defects that requires interventional measures or repair. The condition occurs when the foramen ovale the opening between the atria prior to birth does not close and there

The second operation is removing the recipient's unhealthy heart. Removing the damaged heart may be a very easy or very difficult procedure, depending on whether the recipient has had previous heart surgery issues (as is frequently the case). If there has been past surgery, cutting through the scar tissue may extend and complicate the precision of the

Atrial Septal Defect(ASD) is a very large problem concerning the heart in its overall function. When the heart, being the core of the cardiovascular system, has issues; it effects the rest of the body as a result. The core of the problem resides in the atrial septum. Normally the heart is divided into four separate chambers. But a person with atrial septal defect has an atrial septum that allows the blood from the left side of the heart back into the right side. This results in increased pulmonary blood flow and diastolic overload of the right ventricle. By having this constant left-to-right shunt, it can alter the pulmonary vascular resistance leading to hypertension or even the reversal of the shunt itself.

Atrial Septal Defect is a common and interesting disorder. Atrial Septal Defect is mostly know as “a hole in the heart.” This disorder is birth defect. It can happen to male, female, adult, and kids. This disorder mostly happens to kids and infant. Atrial Septal Defect is when there is a hole in your heart that doesn’t allow oxygen to flow through. This can causes difficulty breathing, heart murmur, and e.t.c... There three different types of level. These level are called ostium secundum, ostium primum, and sinus venosus. The most severe level is ostium secundum which is the true atrial septal. Then is ostium primum, and last sinus venosus. This genetic disorder is typically diagnosed by noticing .symptoms.