Ventricular Septal Defect Research Paper

6. What happens to Caleb’s systemic cardiac output as a result of his ventricular septal defect (VSD)? Explain your answer. Caleb’s systemic cardiac output will be decreased. His blood will enter the right ventricle be pumped to the lungs, return to the left ventricle and then be shunted back to the right ventricle. This causes more blood to enter the right ventricle. The extra blood then leaving the right ventricle causes a volume overload to the lungs. Because blood is being shunted back to the right ventricle, there is a lesser volume of oxygenated blood that leaves the heart to supply the rest of the body.

If these primary treatments are ineffective for the patient, the physician may want to revert to other methods such as surgery. Depending on the specific problem in the heart, the physician could recommend bypass

2. The defect in Caleb’s heart allows blood to mix between the two ventricular chambers. Due to this defect would you expect the blood to move from left-to-right ventricle or right-to-left ventricle during systole? Explain your answer based on blood pressure and resistance in the heart and great vessels. It goes left to right during systole. The difference is normally, oxygen-poor (blue) blood returns to the right atrium from the body, travels to the right ventricle, and then is pumped into the lungs where it receives oxygen. Oxygen-rich (red) blood returns to the left atrium from the lungs, passes into the left ventricle, and then is pumped out to the body through the aorta. But when an infant has ventricular septal defect it still allows oxygen-rich (red) blood to pass from the left ventricle, through the opening in the septum, and then mix with oxygen-poor (blue) blood in the right ventricle. (ROCHESTER.EDU) but instead when systole occurs the blood gets mixed because of the septum therefore heart needs to pump harder to ensure that enough blood with oxygen reaches the body.

A ventricular septal defect or VSD is a heart defect. It’s congenital, this means that a baby is born with it. It is an opening or hole in the dividing wall called the Septum, between the two lower chambers of the heart, right and left ventricles. Ventricular septal defects are the most common type of congenital heart defects. A VSD allows oxygen-rich blood to pass from the left ventricle through the opening in the septum. Then it mixes with oxygen-poor blood in the right ventricle. There are different types of ventricular septal defects, the type your child has depends on which part of the wall between the ventricles is involved. Also the size of the opening or hole varies. A ventricular septal defect may occur more often in some families, this is because of gene defects. But most of the time, the cause is unknown. Similarly to ventricular septal defect, an Atrial septal defect is a birth defect of the heart in which there is also a hole in the wall in the septum, but instead of dividing the lower chambers it divides the upper chambers of the heart (atria), here a hole can vary in size and may close on its own or may require surgery as well. An atrial septal defect is one type of congenital heart defect, in which also the baby is born with it.

This past Friday in the cardiac catheterization lab I began my day with continuing the work that I was previously assigned to do last week where I collected the data of patient's Cardiothoracic surgery. I continued to familiarize myself with the different types of Cardiothoracic surgery procedures, however, the specific reports I was working with, they are called TAVR report (Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement). I later learned and was explained to, the TAVR multiple procedures and its causes, which is aortic stenosis. As for the procedures, a valve needs to be placed in the heart and each procedure delivers it a different way. The three ways the valve can be placed in the heart is through the heart's femoral artery (the transfemoral approach),

Additionally, using a stethoscope, a doctor will often hear a heart murmur caused by the blood blowing through the atrial septal defect. It is not uncommon for a murmur to not be detected right at birth. PAPVR isn 't hereditary but is a result of when the veins don 't come together and grow properly

For the female population with congenital ventricular defects pregnancy is an issue. Cardall, at the age of eight had pneumonia, then at the age of 13 he had staphylococcal septicemia and endocarditis. Cardall had complications with most of his procedures and

In minimally invasive heart surgery, cardiac surgeons perform heart surgery by way of small incisions in the right side of the chest, as a substitute to open heart surgery. Surgeons operate between the ribs and don't split the breastbone, which consequences in less pain and a faster recovery for most people. In minimally invasive surgery, the heart surgeon has a better view of some parts of the heart than in open heart surgery. As in open surgery,

The heart leaked a small VSD doesn't require surgery to close the hole. After birth, your baby's doctor will observe and treat the symptoms while waiting to see if the heart of the leak can be shut down by itself.

Atrial Septal Defect(ASD) is a very large problem concerning the heart in its overall function. When the heart, being the core of the cardiovascular system, has issues; it effects the rest of the body as a result. The core of the problem resides in the atrial septum. Normally the heart is divided into four separate chambers. But a person with atrial septal defect has an atrial septum that allows the blood from the left side of the heart back into the right side. This results in increased pulmonary blood flow and diastolic overload of the right ventricle. By having this constant left-to-right shunt, it can alter the pulmonary vascular resistance leading to hypertension or even the reversal of the shunt itself.

His work led to the evolution of radiofrequency energy catheters, which use radiofrequency energy to heat the catheter tip and perform a more precise ablation than what was possible with direct current ablation. (UCSF.(2012). When cardiac ablation is performed the surgeon is targeting the diseased conductive tissue once this is done, this will assist in correcting atrial fibrillation within the heart. These surgeries can be either minimally invasive or require an open surgical approach. Cardiac ablation is achieved through a cardiac catheter this delivers radiofrequency energy or cryoenergy to the defective area this is considered to be a minimally invasive approach. The electrophysiologist will insert a catheter into the femoral vein/artery and threads it to the right or left atrium and ventricle. They will then test different areas of the heart to try and reproduce dysrhythmia upon doing this they will then ablate the area of the heart where the disturbance takes place. Another alternative would be an open surgery known as a sternotomy approach this is where a midline incision is made in the sternum of the chest. Cannulation of the superior and inferior vena cava will then take place for a cardiopulmonary bypass. The surgeon will occlude the ascending aorta and infuse cardioplegic solution into the coronary arteries. Once this is done a right and left atriotomy is performed and the targets are ablated. The atriotomies are closed, the aorta is unclamped, cardiopulmonary bypass is stopped, cannulas are removed, chest tubes will be inserted at this time and the surgical wound is closed. Upon completion of the surgery the patient is taken to the PACU and monitored for heart rhythm issues as well as, bleeding, infection, or any other complications from the procedure. ( Fuller, J. (2013).(p.922). There are

Critical Congenital Heart Defects are abnormalities of the heart structure that are present at birth. These occur because of incomplete or abnormal development of the fetus’ heart. These defects can cause severe mortality within the newborn stage (Goldstein, 2013, p.1). Several are known to be linked to genetic disorders such as Down syndrome and others are thought to be linked to environmental factors that women can be exposed to while pregnant. The cause of most CCHD’s is unknown.

The second operation is removing the recipient's unhealthy heart. Removing the damaged heart may be a very easy or very difficult procedure, depending on whether the recipient has had previous heart surgery issues (as is frequently the case). If there has been past surgery, cutting through the scar tissue may extend and complicate the precision of the

Atrial Septal Defect is a common and interesting disorder. Atrial Septal Defect is mostly know as “a hole in the heart.” This disorder is birth defect. It can happen to male, female, adult, and kids. This disorder mostly happens to kids and infant. Atrial Septal Defect is when there is a hole in your heart that doesn’t allow oxygen to flow through. This can causes difficulty breathing, heart murmur, and e.t.c... There three different types of level. These level are called ostium secundum, ostium primum, and sinus venosus. The most severe level is ostium secundum which is the true atrial septal. Then is ostium primum, and last sinus venosus. This genetic disorder is typically diagnosed by noticing .symptoms.

Congenital heart diseases (CHDs) are the most prevalent of all birth defects and the leading cause of death in the first year of life, (1) with an annual prevalence ranging from six to twelve affected infants per 1,000 live births. (2)