Ventricular Septal Defect Essay

6. What happens to Caleb’s systemic cardiac output as a result of his ventricular septal defect (VSD)? Explain your answer. Caleb’s systemic cardiac output will be decreased. His blood will enter the right ventricle be pumped to the lungs, return to the left ventricle and then be shunted back to the right ventricle. This causes more blood to enter the right ventricle. The extra blood then leaving the right ventricle causes a volume overload to the lungs. Because blood is being shunted back to the right ventricle, there is a lesser volume of oxygenated blood that leaves the heart to supply the rest of the body.

2. The defect in Caleb’s heart allows blood to mix between the two ventricular chambers. Due to this defect would you expect the blood to move from left-to-right ventricle or right-to-left ventricle during systole? Explain your answer based on blood pressure and resistance in the heart and great vessels. It goes left to right during systole. The difference is normally, oxygen-poor (blue) blood returns to the right atrium from the body, travels to the right ventricle, and then is pumped into the lungs where it receives oxygen. Oxygen-rich (red) blood returns to the left atrium from the lungs, passes into the left ventricle, and then is pumped out to the body through the aorta. But when an infant has ventricular septal defect it still allows oxygen-rich (red) blood to pass from the left ventricle, through the opening in the septum, and then mix with oxygen-poor (blue) blood in the right ventricle. (ROCHESTER.EDU) but instead when systole occurs the blood gets mixed because of the septum therefore heart needs to pump harder to ensure that enough blood with oxygen reaches the body.

A ventricular septal defect or VSD is a heart defect. It’s congenital, this means that a baby is born with it. It is an opening or hole in the dividing wall called the Septum, between the two lower chambers of the heart, right and left ventricles. Ventricular septal defects are the most common type of congenital heart defects. A VSD allows oxygen-rich blood to pass from the left ventricle through the opening in the septum. Then it mixes with oxygen-poor blood in the right ventricle. There are different types of ventricular septal defects, the type your child has depends on which part of the wall between the ventricles is involved. Also the size of the opening or hole varies. A ventricular septal defect may occur more often in some families, this is because of gene defects. But most of the time, the cause is unknown. Similarly to ventricular septal defect, an Atrial septal defect is a birth defect of the heart in which there is also a hole in the wall in the septum, but instead of dividing the lower chambers it divides the upper chambers of the heart (atria), here a hole can vary in size and may close on its own or may require surgery as well. An atrial septal defect is one type of congenital heart defect, in which also the baby is born with it.

According to the WHO, cardiovascular diseases have been the leading cause of death globally claiming 17 million lives a year, more deaths than all cancer combined (Chiu and Radisic, 2013). Cardiovascular disease is responsible for a preponderance of health problems and its impact is expected to grow further as the population ages. In the UK, NHS spends about £7.74 billion as the expenditure to deal with cardiovascular diseases (Barton et al., 2011). Cardiovascular disease in the form of myocardial infarction has become the principle cause of death in developed countries, accounting for nearly 40% of all deaths (http://www.bhf.org.uk/). Congenital heart defects, which occur in nearly 14 of every 1000 new-born children, is another tragic fact that baffles medical industry (http://www.heart.org/). About 61 million Americans (almost one-fourth of the population) live with cardiovascular diseases, such as coronary heart disease, congenital cardiovascular defects, and congestive heart failure.

The blood that does not cross the foramen ovale into the left atrium is emptied into the right ventricle which is then pumped into the pulmonary artery to be carried to the lungs. The third fetal shunt is encountered; the ductus arteriosus allows blood to be shunted from the pulmonary artery to the aorta and systemic arteries following. Blood that does go to the lungs are returned by the pulmonary veins to the left atrium and emptied into the left ventricle. (Perinatal and Pediatric Respiratory Care, Ch2 p 17-18) Shortly after birth due to changes in vascular resistance blood is redirected to the lungs for oxygenation and these shunts are no longer required leading to their closure within a few days postpartum. In HLHS, because the left heart structures are insufficient to receive and pump adequate amounts of oxygenated blood to supply the tissues the patency of the foramen ovale and the ductus arteriosus are essential to sustaining life. (PubMed – ADAM Medical Encyclopedia, 2013) Medical intervention is needed to maintain the patency of the ductus arteriosus and an atrial septal defect is created in place of the foramen ovale.

A large ventricular septal defect (VSD) is a hole in the wall between your heart’s main pumping chambers.

Atrial Septal Defect affects the cardiovascular system of a person’s heart and affects a person’s life. The understanding of the heart and the process it completes in our bodies. As we look into the difference of what the heart does and the challenges you go through when your heart is not healthy. When we our born we our born with heart murmur’s in which they are supposed to close throughout your growing process. Atrial Septsl Defect is a hole in your heart that should be fixed in order for the person to live longer or a full life.

Atrial septal defect is a hole in the wall, or septum, that divides the upper chambers of the heart, which are called atria. Usually most children who develop ASP are fine because the hole either repairs itself or is too small to cause any trouble later on in life. If the septum is flawed, oxygen deficient blood can flow directly from the right side of the heart and combine with oxygen-rich blood in the left side of the heart, or vice versa. Therefore oxygen levels in the arterial blood that supplies the body to be lower than normal due to this case. Every person had a hole in the septum to allow blood from the right atrium to enter the left atrium as a child which seals after birth due to the pressure drop on the right

This causes some oxygenated blood from the left atrium to spill into the right atrium instead of being pumped through the body. This causes fatigue and shortness of breath because there’s not enough oxygenated blood getting to your body. Atrial septal defect also causes excessive swelling in your legs and feet. You should describe your symptoms to the doctor as “I wasn’t able to catch my breath after moving some heavy boxes up a flight of stairs.” The swelling has gone down since you got to the doctor office but you took a picture of your feet because “My feet and ankles were huge. They’ve never been that big.” (Please bring page 6 into the exam room to show the medical

failure usually occurs when the left side of the heart fails. Following the left ventricle failing it send a large

Congenital heart disease (CHD) is one of the most common birth defects found in children, with an incidence of approximately nine in every 1000 live births worldwide (van der Linde et al., 2011). Children with complex CHD are living longer due to dramatic advances in medical procedures and surgical techniques (Berger et al., 2017), as well as the increase in number of pediatric heart transplant recipients over the past two decades (U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, 2017), and the decrease in the death rates from CHD, with this population now living into adulthood (Pillutla, Shetty, & Foster, 2008). Costs related to the care of children with CHD are greater than $5.6 billion dollars a year, with an average hospitalization costing

The incidence of PDA is approximately 0.02 to 0.04 percent in term infants and 20 to 60 percent in preterm neonates. Patent ductus arteriosus accounts for six to eleven percent of all congenital heart defects. PDA is found twice as often in females than in males (Shinde, Basantwani, & Tendolkar, 2016). The incidence of PDA is increased in children who are born prematurely, children with a history of perinatal asphyxia, and, possibly, children born at high altitude. Up to 30 percent low birth infants develop PDA (Kim, 2016).

Congenital heart diseases (CHDs) are the most prevalent of all birth defects and the leading cause of death in the first year of life, (1) with an annual prevalence ranging from six to twelve affected infants per 1,000 live births. (2)

Atrial Septal Defect(ASD) is a very large problem concerning the heart in its overall function. When the heart, being the core of the cardiovascular system, has issues; it effects the rest of the body as a result. The core of the problem resides in the atrial septum. Normally the heart is divided into four separate chambers. But a person with atrial septal defect has an atrial septum that allows the blood from the left side of the heart back into the right side. This results in increased pulmonary blood flow and diastolic overload of the right ventricle. By having this constant left-to-right shunt, it can alter the pulmonary vascular resistance leading to hypertension or even the reversal of the shunt itself.

According to the text approximately 1, 966 babies are born with Atrial Septal Defect. People who have this disorder are dealing with this everyday of their life. Since Atrial Septal Defect is a heart condition, the symptoms and treatment have an impact on everyday life.