Vesicovaginal Fistula Research Paper

A concern that many women have who have undergone cesarean birth, is whether or not they can have a vaginal birth after. The answer is yes; they can have a vaginal birth, but only if the incision made was a horizontal one. The benefits are the woman ass’d with fewer blood transfusions, fewer post-partum infections and shorter hospital stays (Rose, 1). On the other hand there are many risks: the uterine may rupture, it could result in maternal and

Medical and technological advances in maternal and neonatal care have significantly reduced maternal and infant mortality and medical interventions have become commonplace and arguably routine. Used appropriately, they can be lifesaving procedures. Routine use, without valid indication though, can transform childbirth from a natural physiologic process and family event into a medical or surgical procedure. Every intervention presents the possibility of unwanted effects and subsequent risks that can potentiate more interventions with their own inherent risks (McKinney, 2014).

First my father had to go through Transurethral Surgery, to remove the primary tumor from his bladder. During this procedure a resectoscope is passed through the urethra and into the bladder. This instrument has a wire loop attached at the end of it, which is used to scrape the tumor off the wall of the bladder. The tumor is then sent to the lab to be tested for cancer. The patient of this surgery can be placed on either regional anesthesia (patient’s lower body is numbed) or general anesthesia (patient is completely asleep). Side effects to this surgery can include bleeding and pain when urinating. This procedure is very effective because the tumor is completely removed from the bladder and the site is burned to ensure the base of the tumor was removed. My father has had this surgery twice in the past two years where they have successfully removed all of his tumors. He does suffer side effects from the transurethral surgery, such as vomiting, difficulty urinating, and is in a lot of pain, but it prevents him from having to go through Chemotherapy (American Cancer

Many people enjoy the idea of planning events before they happen. Whether it’s going on vacation, getting family together for the holidays or planning the arrival of a newborn child;. The natural way for a baby to be born is through the mother’s birth canal and vagina. But, sometimes vaginal birth isn’t possible. More than ever, woman are opting to schedule childbirth electively, even though there can be serious risks and implications involved. Many who choose an elective childbirth, do have a legitimate reason as to why they made that decision. Center for Disease Control and Prevention recently reported that, “cesarean deliveries reached a record high of 32.9 percent” out of all births in the United States (National Center for

Postpartum hemorrhage kills more new mothers than any other cause—an estimated 71,800 annually ("Driving progress toward 2015").

PPH could be prevented or managed if the women had access to a skilled health care practitioner with the necessary back-up and support (Jabber &Abbas, 2011). PPH is preventable in more than half of the cases (Della Torre, Kilpatrick, Hibbard, etal., 2011). Nurses are central to the effective prevention, early recognition and treatment of PPH. They need to be aware of the risk factors for this condition and take appropriate action when they are identified (Faiza, 2014). Nurses play an important role in monitoring the woman's status, assisting with measures to control bleeding, educating the woman about her condition and providing support to the woman and her family.

Not only does the care impact the effects of contracting a CAUTI, but also so does the equipment used. One key intervention is the use of a closed, sterile urinary drainage system (Potter, Perry, Stockert, & Hall, 2017, p. 1121). Once entering the urethra the environment is sterile and needs to stay sterile to prevent infection. When a catheter is placed, the drainage bag needs to be drained when half full, the perineal care needs to be done regularly and the catheter needs to be cared for at a minimum of every 8 hours (Potter et al., 2017). It is key that even when placing a catheter with perfect sterile technique, that the care afterwards is also important to preventing

There are two many event currently happening in Ethiopia. One major one for Ethiopian women is Pelvic organ prolapse. Pelvic organ prolapse is primarily a childbirth-related injury, and leads to the bulging of pelvic organs like the uterus, bladder and sometimes bowel. In three regions of Ethiopia there is an estimate of 5,000 to 6,000 women that have obstetric fistulas, which is a hole between the vagina and the bladder. And over 250,000 suffer from pelvic organ prolapse mainly cause and increased by vaginal delivery which increases the chance of women suffering from the condition. Many women go to clinics and are told they have prolapse but, can not afford the hospital fees not can the find properly trained doctor with the knowledge as

A vaginal ring is a soft, flexible ring, about 2 inches in diameter that is inserted into the vagina and is used as a hormonal birth control method.

The global leading cause of maternal death is postpartum hemorrhaging (PPH), which is the loss of more than 500 milliliters of blood after delivery. “More than 30 percent of all maternal deaths worldwide are attributable to PPH, accounting for approximately 130,000 deaths and 2.6 million disabled women every year” (Massachusetts General Hospital, 2016). Not all PPH cases are avoidable or expected, but they can be treated and prevented if bleeding is controlled immediately. The maternity staff must be confident and competent, with sharp critical thinking skills. Uterotonic medications, supplies, and blood products should be at their disposal. Timing is the key component to saving a woman’s life during a postpartum

The review was published 2017 and reviewed randomised control trials conducted on the valsalva pushing in second stage of labour and the maternal and neontal outcomes (Lemos et al., 2017). Two independent authors assessed the the studies included in the review to ensure the use of high quality studies in the review with strcit inclusion criteria’s (Lemos et al., 2017).The maternal primary outcome measured in the review included perineal trauma, in this review the perineal trauma was further divided into perineal lacerations and episotomy. For the purpsoe of this eassay the focus will be on the perineal laceration. Again, in this review there was no statistically significant differecne found in perineal trauma between the two methods of pushing (Lemos et al., 2017). There was only one study that assessed perineal trauma and different pushing methods, and was a low quality study. Thus, the review did not come to an explicit conclusion about which method of pushing should be utilised due to the lack of high quality available regarding differnet pushing techniques and perineal trauma (Lemos et al., 2017). This further, suports the conclusions of the authors Prins, M., Boxem, J., Lucas, C. and Hutton, E. The authors of

In women, pelvic organs (bladder, uterus, vagina, small bowel, and rectum) are well supported by the cardinal ligaments, levator ani skeletal muscles and the endopelvic fascia that comprise the Pelvic Floor (DeLancey, 1992). Pelvic Organ Prolapse (POP) is a very common condition affecting millions of women worldwide. It is the downward descent of the pelvic organs and/or vault into the vagina due to the weakened or damaged pelvic floor support structures (Figure 3) (Jelovsek et al., 2007). There are different types of POP depending upon the organs that herniate through the vagina. Cystocele occurs when the bladder herniates through the weakened anterior vaginal wall. Enterocele is the descent of small bowel into vagina and rectocele occurs

Fourteen patients were treated with endovascular means. One patient showed spontaneous obliteration of the fistula just prior to interventional procedure. Of these nine patients (60%) were male patients and six were female. The mean age of the treated patients was 12.5 with a range of 3 to 32 years. The mean age of all the patients was years 14 with a range of 3 to 37 years.

Vaginal birth after caesarean (VBAC) is the name used for identifying the method of giving birth vaginally after previously delivering at least one baby through a caesarean section (CS). A trial of labour (TOL) is the term used to describe the process of attempting a VBAC. An elected repeat caesarean (ERC) is the other option for women who have had a caesarean in the past. The rates of women choosing to deliver by means of an ERC has been increasing in many countries, this is typically due to the common assumption that there are too many risks for the baby and mother (Knight, Gurol-Urganci, Van Der Meulen, Mahmood, Richmond, Dougall, & Cromwell, 2013). The success rate of VBAC lies in the range of 56 - 80%, a reasonably high success rate, however, the repeat caesarean birth rate has increased to 83% in Australia (Knight et al., 2013). It is essential to inform women of the contraindications, success criteria, risks, benefits, information on uterine rupture and the role of the midwife in relation to considering attempting a VBAC (Hayman, 2014). This information forms the basis of an antenatal class (Appendix 1) that provides the necessary information to women who are considering attempting a VBAC and can therefore enable them to make their own decision regarding the mode of birth.

Postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) is a significantly life-threatening complication that can occur after both vaginal and caesarean births (Ricci & Kyle, 2009). Simpson and Creehan (2008) define PPH as the amount of blood loss after vaginal birth, usually more than 500mL, or after a caesarean birth, normally more than 1000mL. However, the definition is arbitrary, attributed to the fact that loss of blood during birth is intuitive and widely inaccurate (Ricci & Kyle, 2009). In line with this, studies have suggested that health care providers consistently underestimate actual blood loss, thus, an objective definition of PPH would be any amount of bleeding that exposes a mother in hemodynamic jeopardy (Ricci &