Veterinary Drug Therapy

Eight years is a long time to go to school to be an equine veterinarian, but it offers a lifetime of saving horses. True one has to go to a college or university for eight plus years to become an equine veterinarian, but it all pays off in the end. It does not pay in money, but knowing that one saves a horses life, or can make their life better. This is what Charlie Scoggin was trying to say when he said “In my opinion, a salary should not be the sole means for deciding upon a job. You have to look at the big picture.” (Charlie Scoggin Resident veterinarian Rood and Riddle equine hospital). Equine veterinary medicine is not just about making money, but helping horses heal, recover, and live a better

The use of selective chemical inhibitors of human cytochrome P450 enzymes is a powerful method by which the relative contributions of different human P450 enzymes to the drug metabolism can be obtained. However, the contribution of CYP2B6 in the metabolism is more challenging due to the lack of a well-established inhibitor.

Animal testing does not accurately predict possible reactions humans might have to animal tested drugs or cosmetics. ProCon.org says that 94% of drugs successful in animal testing fail during human trials. A drug released in 1999, called Vioxx, was tested and showed a positive effect on the hearts of mice, but ended up causing 27,000 heart attacks and cardiac deaths before being withdrawn from the market. A study by The Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, or PNAS, observed inflammatory conditions in ill humans, and experimented with 150 drugs, all of which were successful in animal tests, and found that none of them were successful in humans. A reason why animal testing is so inaccurate is because humans are very different. Despite having similar DNA to several animals, humans and animal test subjects differ in bone structure, organ size, and react in different ways to drugs that have been tested on animals. Paul Furlong, Professor of Clinical Neuroimaging at Aston University, said that "it's very hard to create an animal model that even equates closely to what we're trying to achieve in the human.” With 94% of our drugs failing during human tests, Furlong is, with no doubt, correct. Thomas Hartung, Professor of evidence-based toxicology at Johns Hopkins University also stated that “we are not 70 kg rats.” A final failure in the accuracy of animal tested drugs is that because animal

Animal tests do not reliably predict results in human beings. A study from ProCon.org stated that, “94% of drugs that pass animal tests fail in human clinical trials.” This shows that testing on animals may not be as helpful as it may seem. It is not useful to test on animals when there still must be even more tests to make sure that the medical treatments are safe since the animal tests are not accurate. The tests need to be accurate to know that the medical treatment works well

David Block, a documentary producer and director states, “Horses don’t judge by appearance. They look past peoples’ disabilities and recognize the emotions inside. Horses are more than friends and companions. They are mirrors of the soul.”. A study conducted in 2008 found, “...12 week animal-assisted therapy program showed these programs are statistically more effective in promoting recovery (“The Soulful Benefits Of Healing…”). There are many benefits of using horses to help with therapy such as: Physical improvement, psychological improvement, educational improvement, and social improvement. The use of Equine therapy can benefit people in many different ways.

95% of drugs fail in human trials despite promising results in animal tests. This is because of the different genes between a human and an animal. The failure of the drugs can also be caused due to the fact that out of 93 dangerous drug side effects, only 19% could have been predicated by animal tests. Another piece of evidence that has been brought to the attention of many is that the testing of animals is a waste. Only 6% of 4,300 international companies involved in drug development have registered a new drug with the U.S. Food and Drug Administration since 1950. Even those drugs that are approved are not universally effective due to individual reactions, the top ten highest-grossing drugs in the U.S. only help between 1 in 4 and 1 in 25 people who take them. The last reason why animal testing should be reconsidered is common sense but overlooked. Animals are much more different from humans than imagined. Animals are incapable of being diagnosed of the same diseases that humans are. Their bodies do not allow them to have illnesses such as Parkinson’s disease, major types of heart disease, many types of cancer, Alzheimer’s disease, HIV or schizophrenia. A simple drug like aspirin is toxic to many animals, including cats, mice and rats and would not be on our pharmacy shelves if it had been tested according to current animal testing

In the career of a Veterinarian sick and injured animals are treated. Preventative medical services is also provided. Veterinarians also give animal owner advice about animal care are and breeding.

Animal assisted therapy: an innovative way of treating mental illnesses and a future for medicine or a mythological healing practice performed by our ancestors? The therapeutic potential and spiritual qualities of animals have long been recognized. The practice comes from the belief that animals have supernatural powers and already 2000 years ago Hippocrates noted that horse riding stimulated the functions of the body and alleviated disease. Florence Nightingale was one of the first people to advocate the benefits of companion animals for the chronically sick and there is now evidence that animals stimulate hormones crucial to the wellbeing of a person. Could spending time with your pet within your

What are different careers in the field of Veterinary medicine? How do these jobs use chemistry? Why is chemistry so important to veterinarians? What arguments are there about veterinary medicine?

Some portion of a drug may be lost as it is digested. Enzymes in the gastrointestinal tract break down drugs, so do the bacteria that normally live there. Drugs also interact with food and drink…in some cases reducing, but in other cases increasing the amount that gets absorbed. After being absorbed through the gut, drug molecules travel through the portal vein to the liver. Most of the work of drug metabolism is done in the liver by enzymes like the cytochrome P-450 system.

When walking down the grocery store aisles, most shoppers do not pause to think about the issues that may arise from the antibiotics used in animals (the meat they will buy and consume). Antibiotics have been used in farm animals for decades, but now there has arisen a controversy regarding how these antibiotics effect people (consuming the livestock that has been treated with antibiotics) and the animals (that have been treated) themselves. Many researchers believe that the use of antibiotics on animals is causing antibiotics resistance in both the animals that are being treated, and the humans who eventually eat the meat produced. But the use of antibiotics has come a long way since it was first discovered. Progress is important but safety is a priority in food production.

The proposed genetic screening program for patients will analyse both CYP2D6 and CYP2C19. This will help determine what type of metaboliser the patient is, specific dosing needs and if side effects are warranted.

As doses shift from low to high, the relative importance of individual enzymes involved in the metabolism may also shift. For example, at the high dose, oxon formation correlated best the CYP3A4 activity, while at the low dose, oxon formation correlated best with the higher affinity enzyme CYP2B6. Nutrition plays a role in metabolism(Croom, 2012). Poor nutrition limits the available energy for metabolism. Metabolizing enzymes require cofactors and micronutrients that may be lost with inadequate nutrition. Food itself can change the amount of xenobiotic available for metabolism by affecting its solubility, as well as by altering gastric emptying and bioavailability(Croom, 2012). Oral exposures involve first-pass metabolism, where the bulk of the blood collected from gastrointestinal tract first passes through the liver before being transported to the rest of the body(Croom, 2012). For xenobiotics with significant dermal absorption or significant exposure through inhalation, this can dramatically increase the amount available in the circulation and if the target organ is capable of bioactivation result in significant toxicity in that

Some patients metabolize a drug so rapidly, so it never reaches a therapeutic window. While in others, metabolization rate is very slow, so they have a high risk of toxic effects. Individual drug metabolism rates are influenced by comorbid diseases, genetic factors, and drug interactions. Drug metabolism rate varies among patients. As a person gets older, the blood flow to the liver are less,

Animal-Assisted Therapy (AAT) was first explored as a therapy model by Dr. Boris Levinson in the 1960’s. AAT is a goal-oriented, structured, adjunct therapy administered by human service professionals (Kelly & Cozzolino, 2015). It is important to clarify that AAT is different from Animal-Assisted Activities (AAA) or Animal-Assisted Education (AAE), both of which are not administered by licensed therapists but by educators and volunteers. Many different animals can be used in AAT, but this research will focus on the use of dogs in AAT. Trauma Focused-Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (TF-CBT) is commonly used for children who have experienced abuse. “TF-CBT integrates cognitive behavioral, family therapy, and interpersonal principles to specifically target trauma related symptoms” (Signal, Taylor, Prentice, McDade, & Burke, 2017, p. 82). This research proposal intends to explore the research question: Is AAT with dogs, as an adjunct therapy to TF-CBT more effective in reducing PTSD symptoms among girls, ages 13-18 years old, who have experienced childhood sexual abuse (CSA), than using TF-CBT alone?