Viable Capable To Be Used In An Experiment Essay

Tay Sachs is an incurable genetic disease that affects the central nervous system. It is a rare disorder that occurs chiefly in infants and children, especially those of the Jewish heritage. It is characterized by a red spot in the retina, paralysis, gradual blindness, and loss of muscle movement.

From the science community perspective, the CRISPR-Cas system could reduce or even eliminate many of the difficulties researchers face when gene editing such as cost, duration and accuracy. Prior to CRISPR-Cas, gene editing was performed in “big labs” with experts

Like if your baby is having seizures and is having trouble breathing then you need to go to the emergency room. But there are some normal symptoms like slow growth because a baby with a disease that causes over seventy-five mutations on your body you’re going to have slow growth.Well what causes Tay Sachs disease is that there’s something wrong with there fifteenth chromosome with this problem your body has trouble making the protein hexosaminidase A, since your body doesn’t make that anymore gangliosides build up and eventually will kill brain cells. In order for your child to get this disease the defective gene has to be passed down from each parent so that would mean that Tay Sachs disease is a heredity disease. If the defective gene just gets passed down from one parent it means that the child is a carrier of Tay sachs disease, in which this means that if this child marries someone who is also a carrier of Tay Sachs disease that means that there child will absolutely have this

And one of the top factors in determining the viability of genetic engineering is its accuracy. In an article reported by the Interdisciplinary Center for Studies on Bioethics at the University of Chile, it was found that CRISPR has “a high frequency of off target effects…in human cells” (Rodriguez). With a high threshold for error, CRISPR does not appear to be reliable yet, at least to researchers at the University of Chile. Ethically, this raises concerns about CRISPR being an option for usage in people due to its potential risks. Genetic engineering is far more complex than any other type of medical treatment out there, so if any type of error were to occur, it would be extremely difficult to fix. Sharon Begley, a journalist for STAT news who interviewed doctors from Massachusetts General Hospital, reported that “one concern about off-target effects is that genome-editing might disable a tumor-suppressor gene or activate a cancer-causing one” (Begley). This concern was later found to be true in a separate study performed on mice by a post-doctoral colleague of UC Berkeley’s Jennifer Doudna, where CRISPR “gave rise to mutations, creating a model for human lung cancer” (Bioethics). This study provides cold-hard evidence for the journalist’s claim that even the slightest mutation can lead to cancer.

The final, but perhaps most tremendous, genetic controversy is known simply as the “Designer Baby Controversy.” According to Welch and CBS News, scientists Junjiu Huang and his colleagues at Sun Yat-Sen University in Guangzhou, China, “have successfully edited DNA in human embryos, a highly controversial move governing much criticism in the scientific community.” Huang and his team have spliced out a gene called HBB, which causes beta-thalassemia, a fatal blood disease, and successfully replaced it in the embryos with a healthy copy of the gene. This method could be used to fix many other single-gene diseases, and, eventually, modified to remove other multiple-gene disorders, as well. However, two large problems arise from this. The first

Tay-Sachs disease is caused by a defective gene on chromosome 15. When both parents carry the

CRISPR-Cas9 is also known as genetic scissors. (…) While using the CRISPR-Cas9 researchers are basically cutting out the faulty mutation and correcting it.

This is done by inserting a break in the DNA and tricking a cells natural DNA repair mechanism into introducing the change one wants. In 2012 two studies were conducted by separate groups, to help transform bacterial Crisper-cas9 into a simple, programmable editing tool. The studies concluded that cas9 could cut any region of DNA, by simply changing the sequence of crRNA, which binds to a complementary DNA target. This system was further simplified when Martin Jinek and his colleagues fused crRNA and tracrRNA to create a single guide RNA. Therefore making it so gene editing only requires two components: a guide RNA and the cas9 protein (Aparna Vidyasagar,

New gene editing tools/ technologies have made scientist excited about what to come. Researchers say that these tools that can fix human diseases are only a few years away. Chinese researchers have started to edit human embryos, those obtained from local fertility clinic because they contain an extra set of chromosomes. This article is important to my presentation because it not only shows progress from other countries but the enthusiasm for gene editing.

Recognized as the terrifying and somewhat infrequent hereditary disease that plainly terminates your entire nervous system, Tay Sachs Disease normally appears all of a sudden and this is because of the enzyme beta-hexosaminidase A is not present in the body. People stricken by Tay Sachs Disease suffer a breakdown of their brain cells due to the body collecting fatty composites in the brain cells and tissues.

John Harris an author writing about gene editing expresses that the procedure can provide more benefit than harm. John illustrates in the article, “yes, their are issues with the process,but the amount of breakthrough that can be achieved s able to have the issues be overlooked”(Harris). Even though there are issues with the experimentation the scientific advancement this can provide will help change the future. When the gene editing is finally complete and mastered by the bio-technicians, it can help save lives. Even with the risks presented the scientific community is leaning in favor for the process, because of the long term benefits it can

CRISPR-Cas9 is a gene editing tool that cuts out, replaces, and alters unwanted pieces of DNA. This process starts by scientists creating a synthetic RNA guide with a specific sequence. Upon entering the cell, the RNA guide meets up with the enzyme Cas9. The RNA then leads the Cas9 to a predetermined section of DNA. The Cas9 unzips the DNA which allows the RNA

Genetic engineering is the altering of a plant, an animal, or a human’s DNA. It uses genetics to alter DNA to be able to prevent or change a person’s mental or physical traits. Physical traits are caused by

Clustered regulatory interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) and CRISPR associated protein 9 (Cas9) are an immune response evolved by bacteria and archea as an adaptive defense mechanism to invading DNA. (4) The CRISPR Cas9 system relies on the uptake of invading DNA fragments that are then inserted into CRISPR loci. (4) In the CRISPR loci, repeats are separated by nucleotide spacers which match and or composed of invading DNA.(4) New spacer DNA is incorporated by Cas1 and Cas2.(4) The CRISPR spacer loci then transcribe into short CRISPR RNAs (crRNA) which anneal to foreign nucleic acids in conjunction with complementary binding trans-activating cr RNA(tracrRNA) to form a duplex which is then cleaved to provide a guiding RNA cr/tracr RNA hybrid.(4) the RNA hybrid acts as a guiding mechanism for Cas9 by complementary binding to the invading nucleotides.(4) Cas9 is an endonuclease that can cause a double stranded cleave in DNA(4) Cas9 guided with sgRNA then cleaves the foreign DNA resulting in double stranded breaks effectively disrupting and thereby removing a gene.(1)(2)(3)(4) After a ds break occurs cellular machinery attempts to fix the break with non homologous end joining in which cellular systems effectively sutures the broken ends of the DNA by recombining the remaining ends of DNA to once again produce a continuous strand.(4) This

In the first human altering, scientists used a germ line editing technology called CRISPR. This new technology is believed to be a new approach to gene therapy. This technology is used to weaken deadly blood diseases. The CRISPR is created to point out the material in the genes and ultimately stop certain genes at the DNA level. This technology was tested by inserting 86 embryos and waited 2 days for the results. Through this experiment only 71 survived, with these 71, 54 were analyzed. Out of the 54, only 28 were correctly spliced. However only a few contained the replacement genetic material. The CRISPR was used by multiple biologist as a search and substitution tool for altering DNA only 3 years after the first development. With using all the technology and by altering human genes this procedure cost $12,400 dollars. Although they have used it to experiment genes in the DNA, the technology used in this process is not completely safe and still in the beginner stage. A scientist, Huang, has studied the ability of the technology CRISPR, and how they alter genes called HBB. However they stopped using this technology because it was not proven 100%