Vibrio Ficheri Case Study

Transcription is the formation of an RNA strand from a DNA template within the nucleus of a cell. There are four nucleotides of DNA. These are adenine, cytosine, guanine and thymine. These nucleotides are transcribed to form messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) consisting of nucleotides made of adenine, cytosine, guanine and uracil. This transcription from DNA to mRNA happens by an RNA polymerase II. This newly created mRNA is read in the 5' to 3' direction in sets of 3. These sets are called codons. Each mRNA also has a cap and end. On the 5 prime side is a methylated guanine triphosphate and on the 3 prime is a poly A tail. Messenger RNA then moves to the cells cytoplasm and through the cells ribosomes for translation. Messenger RNA is matched to molecules of transfer RNA (tRNA) in the ribosomes to create amino acids. These amino acids subsequently form an amino acid chain. (Osuri, 2003) A visual representation of this can been viewed in figure 3.

In order to reduce the risk of contracting this microorganism, individual shouldn’t eat raw or undercooked oysters or other shellfish. Cook them before eating, always wash your hands with soap and water after handing raw shellfish and avoid contaminating cooked shellfish with raw shellfish and its juices, stay out of brackish or salt water if you have a wound .If you develop a skin infection, tell your medical provider if your skin has come into contact with brackish or salt water, raw seafood, or raw seafood juices. (CDC,

This allows N. meningitidis to enter the capillary system and sequentially the CSF and meninges.

This lab experiment was done for the purpose of learning how to determine a gram negative bacterium based on multiple tests learned throughout the semester. My gram negative unknown bacterium given to me was Salmonella typhimurium based off of the following tests; Triple Sugar Iron Agar (TSIA), Sulfate Indole Motility (SIM), Methyl Red (MR), Voges-Proskaur (VP), Citrate, Urea Hydrolysis, and Gelatin Hydrolysis. Each test performed gives results such as motility, acid production, fermentation, carbon requirements, or detection of certain coenzymes. With a process of elimination, I determined which bacteria it was not and which bacterium I had, S. typhimurium. The expectation was to master the techniques for each test and utilize the results to determine the unknown bacterium I was given within a two-week period.

Abstract: The objective of this experiment is to find out what the optimal growth environment is for V. natriegens out of three different environments. The first is a Brain Heart Infusion broth (BHI) that contains 50 mM of NaCl. The second is BHI containing 250 mM of NaCl. The third is BHI containing 1000 mM NaCl. In order to obtain this, a growth curve graph must be constructed for each different environment, and the generation time of the bacteria in each environment must be calculated. The optimal environment for V. natriegens was found to be the BHI with 250 mM of NaCl.

Strains of Escherichia coli and Citrobacter rodentium contain set of operons called the locus enterocyte effacement (LEE) region in their genomes. This region encodes a type III secretion system (T3SS).

They form a partnership (symbiosis). Hawaiian bobtail squid will utilize the bioluminescence produced by V.fischeri for counter-illumination while bacteria are fed up with sugar and carbohydrate from host. A newly hatched squid can get this particular vibrio exclusively from the surrounding seawater in few hour, yet the Vibrio fischeri contented in seawater are quite low density (0ne to few hundred cells ml-1). Through the process of respiration and movement of squid, sea water will be flush in and out. These action carry the bacteria contact with nascent light

n.d.). Gram-negative bacteria have a cell wall made up of a thin layer of Peptidoglycan, which is covered with an outer membrane of Lipoprotein and Lipopolysaccharide, and a bipolar-staining coccobacillus is an oval shaped bacterial cell with two poles that is in between coccus and bacillus forms (Miller-Keane Encyclopedia and Dictionary of Medicine, Nursing, and Allied Health, Seventh Edition. 2003.). It is also known as an obligate intracellular pathogen, meaning that it is a microorganism causing disease that is only able to survive in a particular environment or by taking on a particular role. This particular pathogen can only survive when concentrated in blood (Sutyak, Katia. n.d.). This fermentative, motile organism produces a thick antiphagocytic, or a cell that prevents the action of phagocytes, slime layer as it moves (Sutyak, Katia. n.d.). Phagocytes are cells that absorb detrimental microorganisms, unwanted material, and other foreign bodies within the bloodstream and tissues (The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition, Mifflin, Houghton.

This was hypothesised as the Buchnera does not have any motor protein genes in its genome, however there are many flagella-like structures covering the cell therefore acting as secretion systems. The regulation of the synthesis of essential amino acids by Buchnera is not understood in great detail but it is believed that it is controlled by the amount of precursors made available to the bacteria from the host cell. These precursors include glucose as a carbon source, four non-essential amino acids, serine, aspartate, glutamate and glutamine, to act as precursors for the essential amino acids and guanosine nucleotides which are involved in purine synthesis. Varying the concentrations and availability of these compounds gives the host cell the ability to control and coordinate Buchnera activity.

Escherichia is a genus of aerobic gram-negative rod-shaped bacteria of the family Enterobacteriaceae that form acid and gas on many carbohydrates, such as dextrose and lactose, but not acetone, which include occasional pathogenic forms, including some strains of E. coli which are normally present in the human intestine as well as other forms which typically occur in soil and water (Webster). Escherichia coli is a gram-negative bacilli that rarely varies in shape and size and when stained often resemble safety pins because the ends of some bacilli stain more densely than does the middle; which is a characteristic called bipolar staining which is common in enteric gram-negative bacilli (ASM). Gram negative cells have a thin cell wall layer and will stain red to pink. The staining process is the same as Gram positive, requiring four steps: applying a primary stain, adding a mordant, then rapid decolorization and completing with a counter stain. Applying the alcohol for decolorization dissolves the outer membrane and leaves small holes in the thin peptidoglycan layer through which the crystal violet-iodine diffuse. The gram-negative bacteria is colorless after the decolorization; therefore adding safranin

In the Hampton Roads area we have a special scientist that test our waters and they are with a company called Hampton Roads Sanitation District also known as HRSD. In recent years a flesh eating bacteria called Vibrio Vulnificus has been found in Hampton Roads area, specifically at the Virginia Beach Oceanfront. It is very concerning because a lot of people that live in the Hampton Roads area enjoy swimming or surfing in the ocean, as well as tourists who come. If the Vibrio Vulnificus spreads no one will want to visit to the oceanfront.

Quorum sensing isa form of cell-to-cell communication that bacteria use to coordinate the expression of genes involved in behaviours such as flagellar movement9,10 virulence factor production,11,12 and

Vibrio is a rod shaped bacteria that are also gram negative. They naturally appear in marine or estuarine environments. Also to note there are around about 12 species vibrio that have been known to cause diseases in humans which cause around about an estimated 80,000 illnesses, 500 hospitalizations and 100 deaths ever year in the US. The main reason that people get infected by vibrio is from coming into contact with seawater or through consuming raw or undercooked seafood. Vibriosis usually causes primary septicaemia (blood poisoning), diarrhoea, wound infections, or other extra intestinal infections. Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a strain of vibrio that has a rod shaped is usually found in saltwater and if ingested can causes gastrointestinal

The bacteria that was used in the experiment was Escherichia coli which also has the ability to communicate through quorum sensing. Quorum sensing controls bioluminescent, antibiotic production, competence this better understand the bacteria that we were working with (Bassler, 2012). We wanted the bacteria to express antibiotic resistance, bioluminescent and growth all of that is control by quorum sensing which is a type of communication between the populations of the Escherichia coli. In addition, Escherichia coli is a gram negative bacteria which appear as purple when is stained. Gram negative have a thin layer of peptidoglycan but the outer membrane has porins which lets antibiotics such as ampicillin to move through the wall and the bacteria can become resistant to antibiotics. In the experiment, one of the way we made the Escherilia coli was make them competent to allow them the express and share the important information between themselves in the form of genes in the selected plasmid. Plasmids help the bacteria to transfer important date for its survival and its one of the features of the plasmids that is used in the transformation. The Escherilia coli first needed to become competent to take the DNA with the help of calcium chloride

In our experiment, we did not digest the lux operon with Hind III because there are 6 Hind III sites in the lux sequence, and it might cut within the gene region of interest, which is luxAB gene in our experiment. Hind III has more sites than Sal I because Vibrio Fischeri is A/T rich (AT=66%, GC=34%) and so is Hind III recognition sequence; thus, there are more chances for Hind III to recognize and cut the lux sequence along with a great possibility of it cutting within the luxAB sequence.