Victorian Trade Hall Research Paper

Both the Melbourne Museum and Federation Square started off as a competition for architects to design the new building, whoever came up with the best concept/design would be the designer of the building or space. The Melbourne Museum competition was announced in 1994 where it was also opened for architects to design. The same chance for architects was given to design ‘a new civic square’, known as Federation Square we see today. The Victorian Government held this competition in 1996 and was announced to be an international competition. With the Centenary of Federation celebrations coming up in 2001, the main idea of the design was to generate a cultural space in the Melbourne CBD. The designs and the final plans for the Melbourne Museum were presented in May 1995, where Denton Corker Marshall (DCM) Architects won the competition. Lab Architects, which was based in London at that time, was to partner up with Bates Smart to design this new cultural space, where Bates Smart was considered to be one of the most prominent architecture firms in Melbourne. Federation Square began construction in 1998. These two buildings/spaces were

Another notable building is also located in Melbourne, on Little Collin St, the Yule House. As one of the earliest modern architecture in Australia, its style that features bands of glass set in geometric patterns of fixed and opening panes, a terracotta surface and dominant spandrels extending well beyond the surface.  (Johnson, 2002) Both buildings were constructed under the Great Depression and their completion incorporating new material, new technology and new style signified “the clouds of financial gloom were already lifting” (“History - Manchesterunitybulding.com.au” n.d.)  and boosted the morale fighting against the depression.The two building are well preserved and still in function in 21st century.

Architecture in Melbourne is thriving with creativity, new buildings such as the Manchester Unity Building, Capitol Theatre and Century building, which are all located on Swanston Street in the Heart of Melbourne. There are also other Modernist commercial building in Melbourne, such as the Myer Emporium and Yule House. Not all of these buildings are in Melbourne’s centre, there are many which are in Melbourne out skirts, for example Percy Everett who designed the Technical School in Essendon which opened in 1939. There is much modernist

In order to create Australia’s image as a working man’s paradise, workers gained rights to speak. The first of these issues to be discussed are the hours of work. The balanced working time of eight-hour day movement was introduced in the mid 19th century. It was conducted by trade unions for the right of shorter working hours suitable Australia’s harsh climate. This fairer working condition of eight-hour day has succeeded by the end of the century, when the government introduced fairer laws in the late 1890s which attempted to reduce working hours and give workers Saturday afternoon off. This achievement established a national standard that was aspired by the rest of the world and formed the basis of Australia’s reputation as a ‘working man’s paradise’.

The coal miners’ strike of 1902, was a big impactful move that ended because a federal takeover was threatened by President Roosevelt. The women's trade union league was middle and upper class women and immigrants founded to bring women workers into unions, this was established in 1903 and reiterates the main ideal of the era by fighting for all workers’ equality. In 1907 there were 10,000 black and white dock workers that initiated a strike and showed remarkable unbiased solidarity, this occurred in the town of New Orleans, Louisiana. In the 1909 uprising of the 20,000 garment workers, an unprecedented victory was accomplished for the international ladies’ garment workers’ union.

The American Federation of Labor was an association of trade unions starting 1886, rising out of an earlier Federation of Organized Trades and Labor Unions founded in 1881. The AFL's president, Samuel Gompers, was convinced that unions open to workers of all types of skills within a given industry,called industrial unions,were too undisciplined to withstand the tactics that both government and management had used to break American unions in the past. The answer, was craft unions, each limited to the skilled workers in a single trade. According to Gompers's "pure and simple unionism," labor should not waste its energies fighting capitalism; I ts sole task was to hammer

57). In December 1886, the American Federation of Labor (AFL) was formed in Columbus, Ohio. The AFL was originally named the Federated Organization of Trades and Labor Union back in 1881. The AFL was a “national union made up of affiliated, individual craft unions” (Boone, 1996, p. 288). The first president of the AFL was Samuel Gompers. On the contrary to the Knights of Labor, Gompers’ focus was to raise day-to-day wages, and continue to improve the working conditions (Dessler, 1997). After the formation of the AFL, the period included significant developments. In the early 1890’s, the United Mine Workers was formed, becoming the first major United States industrialized union (Robinson, 1985). In addition, a significant defeat occurred in organized labor. The defeat is known as the strike at Homestead, Pennsylvania. The “Amalgamated Association of Iron, Steel, and Tin Workers was eliminated from the steel industry” (Robinson, 1985, p. 58). History from 1905 to 1920. In 1905, the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) challenged the AFL, prior to the depression of the 1930’s. The IWW invited the unskilled and semiskilled workers that the AFL had denied and was a success from 1910 to 1915 (Encyclopedia, 1996). The results of this had decreased the AFL membership for a short period of time, but they fought back by bringing

Due to the political changes caused by the Eureka Stockade, Lalor was elected to the Victorian Legislative Council November 1855 as Member for the new district in Ballarat, and remained in this role until March 1856. The Eureka Stockade, is a key event in the development of Australian democracy and Australian identity, In addition, the principles of mateship, seen to be adapted by the gold diggers, and the term digger' was later adopted by the ANZAC soldiers in World War I. The government changed the laws, and miners on the goldfields were able to elect people to Parliament .

Throughout the history of this nearly century and a half old building many have speculated and debated its former past. This exhibition presents images of the historic Lin Hall

Labor unions date to the 19th century.  The three labor unions were created  to improve work life in the factories. Workers had long hours, poor conditions and low wages; while their employers enjoyed vast wealth.  Labor unions are groups of workers and employees who bond together to get safer working conditions, better wages, and reasonable hours.  Most famous union is the American Federation of labor (AFL), founded in 1886 by Samuel Gompers.  Labor unions protect the rights of workers in specific industries.  Labor unions tend to be more common in manufacturing, mining, construction, transportation, and the public sector.  Labor unions have been around for a long time.  The earlier unions were called craft unions, consisting of members who worked in the same trade such as carpenters and printers.  Working people need to earn enough to support their families; good wages are a part of that, so are health care, paid sick leave and other rights that make sure that working people can do their jobs and take care of their families.

In order to protect and establish new rights, workers began to form unions. When workers joined together to form ions, it became easier for them to make demands to their employers as a group than alone. Two types of unions existed during the Gilded Age, trade unions which which were geared to specific lines of work and industrial unions which included all lines of work. (Perry 190) Both industrial and trade unions were part of national federations; the American Federation of Labor or AFL was founded in 1886 and was a federation of trade unions. Industrial unions were larger and could be part of larger federations including the Knights of Labor founded in 1869. Labor unions negotiated and used tactics including strikes and boycotts to gain necessary

Eventually the workers began to protest. They went on strikes, formed unions, and even used violence against the employers. One of the unions called the Knights of Labor, founded in the 1869, fought for eight-hour workdays and wage equality among male, female, black, and white workers. They participated in many strikes, boycotts, and other activities protesting for workplace freedom. Another labor union was the American Federation of Labor founded in 1881 consisting of mostly skilled workers. Formed in 1903, the International Ladies’ Garment Workers Union and Women’s Trade Union League also played a role in aiding workers, specifically female laborers, to gain work rights. These labor movements played significant roles in history because they influenced or forced employers to make changes in the workplace.

Throughout American history workers were trying to defend their rules and be well-paid as well as respected by employer. The AFL organization was created in 1881 and took place in the period of Industrial revolution. It is obvious that raising industrial power were in need of worker power and to produce more and meet all deadlines which was settled by employer, usually labor rights were impaired. So, the strategy of AFL was creation loose of federation of roughly 100 “craft unions” and it’s leader was Samuel Gompers. His major strategy was to arbitrating disputes and he ensured they stuck by each other. Moreover, one of the important achievement took place in 1890, when cigar maker’s union established eight-hour workday.

The American Federation of Labor, AFL, was founded in 1886 (Brands, 422). This particular group was defined as a loose alliance of national craft unions, which only organized skilled workers, avoiding politics, and worked for specific objectives (Brands, 422). Unlike the Knights of Labor, the AFL initially only allowed skilled workers to join the organization, because it was believed that a more concentrated group of people meant more success for the union (American Federation of Labor). This meant unskilled labors, women, African Americans, and other racial minorities were either excluded from the representation of this organization or were unequal in representation itself (American Federation of Labor). Samuel Gompers, the AFL’s founder and longtime president stated “ I have my own philosophy and my own dreams … but first and foremost I want to increase the workingman’s welfare year by year” (Brands, 422). Gompers attempted to take the more pragmatic approach to address the labor’s needs as he accepted capitalism and did not attempt to radically change the workplace, and is well well known for avoiding politics (Brands, 422). It is evident that Gompers simply wanted “a recognized place within the system and more of the rewards” (Brands, 422). Under Samuel Gompers' leadership, the AFL became the largest labor union organization

A discriminating minute for the exchange union development arrived when Jennie George was chosen president of the Australian Council of Trade Unions (ACTU) in 1995 (Heywood, 'George', AWR). Without precedent for its one hundred years of history, a lady had accepted administration of the top union body of the Australian work development. Sharan Burrow, who was to take after Jennie George into the authority of the ACTU, talked about the occasion as 'a day that is massively typical'- in light of the fact that 'in the event that it's conceivable to move the male society of the exchange union development [in this way], then it's conceivable to move anything' (cited in Creed, 103). the Working Women's Trade Union was shaped in South Australia in