Video Imitation Model

Modelling shows that we learn through observing other peoples behaviour and this was demonstrated in Banduras Social Learning Theory. In this experiment Bandura placed children in rooms with a model. In one condition the model would just play with toys and in the other condition the model would attack a bobo doll. When the children were left alone in the rooms the results showed that they would imitate behaviours they had previously seen displayed by the model (aggressive/non aggressive.) This shows that we can learn new behaviours by observing models. Another study conducted by Rushton and Campbell (1977) showed a confederate engaging with a participant in a friendly social interaction. They were then left in the lab together and passed people asking for blood donations. When the confederate was asked

Autism is a developmental disorder, which is characterized by a dyad of difficulties in a) communication and social interaction and b) restricted interests and imagination (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). Individuals on the Autism Spectrum might find it challenging to understand what other people think or what the reasons for their behaviours are, as their ‘theory of mind’ may not be well developed (Schuwerk, Vuori & Sodian, 2015). It is possible that this is why they might behave in socially inappropriate ways, being unable to differentiate between different contexts, while they might also find it difficult to make friends. Moreover, it is likely that they are fond of routines, repetition and structure (Carnahan, Musti-Rao, & Bailey, 2009), as they might be nervous with unknown, new situations. In addition, some of them might not do eye contact with other people, whereas some others might not endure to be touched and might have a difficulty developing speech (Jordan, 2005). Individuals on the Autism Spectrum might sometimes be prohibited to initiate conversations and might struggle with finding different ways to play and behave, due to the possible deficit of imagination, which in some cases might result in them having a narrow sphere of interests. Nevertheless, it should be noted that this group of people is rather heterogeneous, as characteristics of autism may differ from one individual to another (Gwynette, 2013). Another point is that people with Autism

Many of us learn better, when we are taught or shown ways to do something, that way we can better our understanding of the subject being taught. The psychological term for this is modeling, which is a form of learning where individuals ascertain how to act or perform by observing another individual. The English proverb which states “When in Rome do what the Romans do,” clearly explains modeling really well. Modeling Theory is derived from the Social Learning Theory formed from the works of Albert Bandura. This states the importance of learning from observing and imitating model roles. This kind of modeling is evident in young children who emulate their parents by dressing like them; for example a young child may wear her mother’s clothes. This technique is an effective way to eliminate unwanted behaviors, reduce excessive fears and facilitate learning of social behavior; this may be done with the person present in the room or just watching the model from videos. A participant modeling is a person who assists with giving step-to step ways of achieving the type of behavior that is socially accepted behavior. Modeling can be used to treat eating disorders, social skills such as public speaking and specific phobias.

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) may be portrayed toward critical impairments in social interaction. It also includes restricted repeated behaviors, interests and activities. (Mayo Clinic staff, 2014)

Autism is a rare disease that can be characterized by a “neurodevelopmental disorder categorized by the inability to relate to and perceive the environment in the realistic manner.” (Anthes, 1997) The signs of autism are mainly found in infants to young children usually between the ages of newborn to two years. The main symptoms that are discussed are “impairment in social interaction fixation of inanimate objects, inability to communicate normally, and resistance to changes in their daily routine.” (Anthes, 1997) Autism is a very understood disease but one thing most people do not know is that autism not only effects a child’s life mentally and physically, it also effects their social ability to have friends, play normally and even grow up

Socially, children with autism have a lot of difficulty with peers as they do not express as much empathy or social involvement as their classmates. Baron-Cohen (2002) refers to children with autism preferring less involved social interaction, saying that “(children)often engage in “parallel play” at the edge of a group rather than joining in cooperative play”

This method is better in a way that by observing others, we can quickly gain knowledge about which behaviors are likely to lead to good outcomes. What I remember from my childhood is that everything I learned was by watching everyone else. For example every time my mom would want to teach me something knew she would demonstrate it to me. I learned a lot by seeing what others did. When my aunt started to cook I loved watching her cook to see how she made the food. Now that I became older I know how to cook by just watching my aunt cook when I was younger. I also learned how to ride the bike because my mom thought me how to ride it with demonstrations. I believe most of the people in this world learn by observing others. Is an easier way to learn and is not too complicated. Just like the saying “monkey see, monkey do”. When people see other people doing something they want to do it as well I believe is just a human instinct we have developed with time. Till this day I learn better with demonstrations r

Six videos in all were uses at approximately 8 to 10 seconds in duration. A multiple probe design across participants was used. Each participant was assigned three stimulus categories and a fourth was used to assess across category generalization. The procedure for both baseline and treatment consisted of 18 trials per session and for additional trials that were used for generalization probes which consisted of an exemplar from the fourth stimulus category. The 18 trials for treatment were broken down in to 9 teaching trials and 3 exemplar trials from each of the three training categories. A flow chart for the steps of the procedure can be found on page 286 of the (Kerth et al., 2011) study.

This process takes place from the minute we are born. Information is taken in and absorbed, in turn builds one’s ability to retain what one has learned. Many factors aid in the learning process which includes ones environment, past experiences, and one’s emotion which all play a rewarding understanding on how ones sees the world and retain information around them. B. F. Skinner, “who developed the ideas of respondent behavior (that which is brought about by a specific stimulus and can be conditioned) and operant behavior (that which produces consequences that tend to be repeated when reinforced and discontinued when not reinforced). Many different practice models have developed from the theories of the behaviorists, who operate by setting up controlled situations in which behavior can be conditioned and reinforced. These models are widely used in teaching, in treating problems of human relationships, and in working with personal problems that lead to destructive behaviors. As behavior modification develops, certain features are assuming greater importance. One is the detailed specification of objectives with the possibility of sub goals that serve as

Children with autism also known as autism spectrum disorder or ASD, have social, communication and language problems. It can vary from very severe to very moderate. Many children with autism tend to have restricted and repetitive patters of behavior, interest and activities. Although autism is a developmental disability, not all children with autism have the exact effects. Children with autism can have some of the following social and communication skills and behaviors such as: Social skills, communication skills, and common behaviors, leading to difficulties in areas like imaginative play. When a child has problems with their social skills it may be hard for them to connect or interact with other people. Most, if not all autistic suffer from communication skills such as understanding, talking with others, reading or writing, following directions, knowing how to behave, concentrating on tasks, and more importantly understanding and using of words. For children with autism, communication development happens differently and more

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a complex neurological disorder that impacts a person’s ability to communicate and form relationships. It is one of the fastest growing developmental disorders in the US. The diagnosis for autism is rising 10-17% each year with an estimated 2 million people diagnosed with the disorder. People who fall under the spectrum have pervasive deficits in social communications and social interactions across multiple contexts. They have repetitive and restrictive patterns of behaviors, activities or interest. The DSM-5 diagnoses this disorder under two different criteria’s: Social communications and social interaction deficits and repetitive behaviors. To meet the criteria an individual must demonstrate all of these

The room was also equipped with a one-way window so the child could be observed without their acknowledgement. The experiment showed that the consequences in the films that the children observed in the ending, created a different outcome. The children who witnessed the film were the adult was rewarded was most likely to repeat or imitate the aggressive behavior toward the Bobo doll. In the situation of the other children who watched the adult being punished for their aggressive behavior, the children were less likely to recreate the aggressive behavior towards the Bobo doll. After the findings Bandura added to the experiment. The children who watched any of the three films were asked to recreate what the adult did in the film. Each imitation the child recreated correctly, they were rewarded with candy and stickers. Virtually all the children were capable of recreating all actions, aggressive or non-aggressive. The different variations of the films the children watched had no impact on them. In conclusion to Bandura’s experiment, you are capable of imitating any behavior, aggressive or non-aggressive, but you are more likely to imitate if there is expectation of any type of reward.

Therefore, from a human developmental perspective, the self-efficacy characteristic can aid students in comprehending the link between current behavior and future consequences (Evans, 1989). Bandura also noted that there were four distinct processes that influence a child’s behavior – attention, retention, motor reproduction and motivation. During the attention phase, a child will observe behaviors conducted around them and if this attention is thorough enough, the child will absorb the reactions and reasons for the aggressive behavior modeled. Bandura believed that the second stage, retention, is also vitally important because it is this re-enactment that causes the behavior to be transferred to the long-term memory of the child. Of course, even if the child has memorized the actions, they still need to have the physical attributes necessary to reproduce an action they have seen, but there is little physical dexterity needed to hit or punch something (Isom, 1998).

Albert Bandura’s Social Learning Theory is a theory that includes development theories in order to understand how children learn. Bandura’s theory is based on how people can learn by observing others, how internal mental states influence people, and how learning something does not change one’s behavior every time. Bandura was able to find out that people learn by three observational models. The first model is the live model which includes observing how someone demonstrates the behavior, the verbal instruction model which learning occurs through auditory directions, and the symbolic model where modeling occurs through media sources such as internet, movies, and books.

A. Basic Concepts 1. Observational LearningThe Social Learning Theory says that people canlearn by watching other people perform the behavior. Observational learningexplains the nature of children to learn behaviors by watching the behaviorof the people around them, and eventually, imitating them. With the ―Bobo Doll‖ experiment(s) , Bandura included an adult who is tasked to actaggressively toward a Bobo Doll while the children observe him. Later,Bandura let the children play inside a room with the Bobo Doll.