Video Imitation Model

Bandera believed that behavior could be shaped through observing and imitating behavior. He hypothesized that nonaggressive models would have a less violent effect on the kids (vice versa for aggressive models), women models would have a greater effect on the girl kids (same with men and boys), and boys in general would be more violent than girls. In this study, his main goal was to discover whether imitative learning would generalize to settings in which the bobo doll was not present with the child. Bandera used 36 girls and 36 boys (aged 3-6), which he split into three groups, one control group, one group seeing aggressive models, and the final group watching the nonaggressive models.

Six videos in all were uses at approximately 8 to 10 seconds in duration. A multiple probe design across participants was used. Each participant was assigned three stimulus categories and a fourth was used to assess across category generalization. The procedure for both baseline and treatment consisted of 18 trials per session and for additional trials that were used for generalization probes which consisted of an exemplar from the fourth stimulus category. The 18 trials for treatment were broken down in to 9 teaching trials and 3 exemplar trials from each of the three training categories. A flow chart for the steps of the procedure can be found on page 286 of the (Kerth et al., 2011) study.

Socially, children with autism have a lot of difficulty with peers as they do not express as much empathy or social involvement as their classmates. Baron-Cohen (2002) refers to children with autism preferring less involved social interaction, saying that “(children)often engage in “parallel play” at the edge of a group rather than joining in cooperative play”

This process takes place from the minute we are born. Information is taken in and absorbed, in turn builds one’s ability to retain what one has learned. Many factors aid in the learning process which includes ones environment, past experiences, and one’s emotion which all play a rewarding understanding on how ones sees the world and retain information around them. B. F. Skinner, “who developed the ideas of respondent behavior (that which is brought about by a specific stimulus and can be conditioned) and operant behavior (that which produces consequences that tend to be repeated when reinforced and discontinued when not reinforced). Many different practice models have developed from the theories of the behaviorists, who operate by setting up controlled situations in which behavior can be conditioned and reinforced. These models are widely used in teaching, in treating problems of human relationships, and in working with personal problems that lead to destructive behaviors. As behavior modification develops, certain features are assuming greater importance. One is the detailed specification of objectives with the possibility of sub goals that serve as

Autism, or autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a pervasive neuro-developmental condition which effects a person’s ability to communicate and interact with others. People with autism may have a difficult time understanding ‘typical’ social cues and social behaviors, and they may face challenges engaging with those around them either by using words or non-verbal behaviors and refers to a broad range of conditions characterized by challenges with social skills, repetitive behaviors, speech. As well as by unique strengths and differences. We now know that there is not one autism but many types, caused by a combination of genetic and environmental influences (what is autism,

The room was also equipped with a one-way window so the child could be observed without their acknowledgement. The experiment showed that the consequences in the films that the children observed in the ending, created a different outcome. The children who witnessed the film were the adult was rewarded was most likely to repeat or imitate the aggressive behavior toward the Bobo doll. In the situation of the other children who watched the adult being punished for their aggressive behavior, the children were less likely to recreate the aggressive behavior towards the Bobo doll. After the findings Bandura added to the experiment. The children who watched any of the three films were asked to recreate what the adult did in the film. Each imitation the child recreated correctly, they were rewarded with candy and stickers. Virtually all the children were capable of recreating all actions, aggressive or non-aggressive. The different variations of the films the children watched had no impact on them. In conclusion to Bandura’s experiment, you are capable of imitating any behavior, aggressive or non-aggressive, but you are more likely to imitate if there is expectation of any type of reward.

“Autism is a disorder characterized by severe difficulties in social interaction and communication and with unusual behaviors.” (Dr. David Pauls 2003). This disorder is assumed to be caused by genetics, environmental toxins and/or prenatal care. (Harvard Medical School 2013). Social behaviors/interactions affected by Autism is the ability to process learning, communication and family/peer relationships. Autism is a disorder in which its cause makes it impossible to prevent and it takes a toll on its victim’s everyday life tasks.

Many of us learn better, when we are taught or shown ways to do something, that way we can better our understanding of the subject being taught. The psychological term for this is modeling, which is a form of learning where individuals ascertain how to act or perform by observing another individual. The English proverb which states “When in Rome do what the Romans do,” clearly explains modeling really well. Modeling Theory is derived from the Social Learning Theory formed from the works of Albert Bandura. This states the importance of learning from observing and imitating model roles. This kind of modeling is evident in young children who emulate their parents by dressing like them; for example a young child may wear her mother’s clothes. This technique is an effective way to eliminate unwanted behaviors, reduce excessive fears and facilitate learning of social behavior; this may be done with the person present in the room or just watching the model from videos. A participant modeling is a person who assists with giving step-to step ways of achieving the type of behavior that is socially accepted behavior. Modeling can be used to treat eating disorders, social skills such as public speaking and specific phobias.

Video modeling is when an individual watches a video clip of target behaviors as a model and performs the behaviors systematically to master the skills. According to Charlop-Christy, Le, and Freeman, video modeling has some advantages over live modeling such as cost efficiency and speed of skill acquisition (as

Therefore, from a human developmental perspective, the self-efficacy characteristic can aid students in comprehending the link between current behavior and future consequences (Evans, 1989). Bandura also noted that there were four distinct processes that influence a child’s behavior – attention, retention, motor reproduction and motivation. During the attention phase, a child will observe behaviors conducted around them and if this attention is thorough enough, the child will absorb the reactions and reasons for the aggressive behavior modeled. Bandura believed that the second stage, retention, is also vitally important because it is this re-enactment that causes the behavior to be transferred to the long-term memory of the child. Of course, even if the child has memorized the actions, they still need to have the physical attributes necessary to reproduce an action they have seen, but there is little physical dexterity needed to hit or punch something (Isom, 1998).

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) may be portrayed toward critical impairments in social interaction. It also includes restricted repeated behaviors, interests and activities. (Mayo Clinic staff, 2014)

This tested whether the child's own experience would influence whether they would imitate a model precisely in achievement of the goal. In the experiment, three stacked drawers, with a toy in each drawer, were used as well as three cars, situated in three lanes. The diffucult-experience group had a drawer with putty impeding the ability to open the drawer. The first car had filament attached to it so that, if the fishing reel was enabled, the car would be difficult to move. If the reel was disabled, the car would move unimpeded. All twenty-four children were given prior experience with the materials. They were told to either open the first drawer or move the first car down the lane. After the prior experience, the experimenter would show the children how they opened the second drawer or moved the second car. The experimenter would push a button on the face of the second drawer (which actually did not function) and would move the second car by using their extended index and middle fingers. The experimenters used scorers who knew nothing about the hypothesis or which group the children were in to gather the data. They measured the time it took the children to perform the task, the verbal comments that the children used (e.g., “It's hard), and whether or not the child imitated the experimenter's action by using videos taken of the subjects. The result of the experiment showed that children were significantly more likely to imitate the experimenter's

Improving the performance of students academically and behaviorally have always been the center of interest of teachers and researchers. More importantly, limited research presented significant findings for classwide intervention. However, the method could be beneficial in aiding a large number of students through counteracting undesirable behavior before they become disruptive to the process of learning. Based on the social learning theory of Bandura, a majority of human learning is acquired through modelling, which was the focus of the present study (Richards, Heathfiled, & Jenson, 2010). Findings suggested that the imitation of the behavior is more likely to occur if similarity exist between the participant and the model. Thus, videotaped modelling intervention had been well established as an effective treatment in modifying behaviors, especially to increase the desirable ones. While self-modelling through video was indicated to be highly effective, it is only application to individuals instead of

A. Basic Concepts 1. Observational LearningThe Social Learning Theory says that people canlearn by watching other people perform the behavior. Observational learningexplains the nature of children to learn behaviors by watching the behaviorof the people around them, and eventually, imitating them. With the ―Bobo Doll‖ experiment(s) , Bandura included an adult who is tasked to actaggressively toward a Bobo Doll while the children observe him. Later,Bandura let the children play inside a room with the Bobo Doll.

Screencasting is popular due to its ability to offer picture, motion and simulation, all of which provide the viewer with a sense of realistic context when attempting to understand and follow a presenter’s actions. The concept of demonstration, observation and repetition can be traced to Bandura (1986) and his Social Cognitive Theory of Observational Learning. This idea involves displays of modelled behaviour by one with expertise that is then observed by a learner in order to acquire the same skill and performance (Bandura 1986). This theory outlines four phases: 1) Attention – This refers to the importance of student focusing on the modeled behaviour; 2) Retention – Accurate mental representations a student has acquired will allow them to replicate the behaviour; 3) Motor Reproduction – Once the attention and retention phases have been completed the student has the ability to perform the observed behaviour; 4) Motivation – This refers to the motivation required to imitate the modelled behaviour. It is theorized that observational learning is dependent on level on which these four stages are affected (Bandura, 1986).