Vilazodone Mechanism

All antidepressants work in a similar way, though there are various types of antidepressants—often called “families”—that each work a bit differently. They all, however, increase the brain’s concentration of various neurotransmitters. Antidepressants are psychiatric medications given to patients with depressive disorders to alleviate symptoms. They correct chemical imbalances of neurotransmitters in the brain which probably cause changes in mood and behavior. Antidepressants may be used for a wide range of psychiatric conditions, including social anxiety disorder, anxiety disorders. Antidepressants were initially developed in the 1950s. Their use has become progressively more common over the last twenty years. Generally speaking, anti­psychotic

At the molecular level of explanation these processes are dependent on the interplay between glutamate receptors, Ca2+ channels, the increase of intracellular Ca2+ levels, Ca2+-dependent proteins like Akt, ERK, mTOR and neurotrophins such as brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) (24, 25).

When these chemicals are released from nerve cells they act to lighten mood. When they are reabsorbed into the nerve cells, they no longer have an effect on mood. Nortriptyline works by preventing this re-absorption of noradrenaline and serotonin back into the nerve cells. Therefore, it helps prolong the mood-lightening effect of any released noradrenaline and serotonin”.

It all determines if the NPD patient has an Axis I diagnosis of major depression or any depressive symptoms relative to egotistic pathology that will influence the lengthen the course of treatment. Different types of SSRI’s are Celexa, Lexapro, Prozac, Luvox CR, and many others. Celexa, or Citalopram, can enhance the serotonin activity in the neuronal membrane. Lexapro, or Escitalopram, is used to treat depression in NPD patients and relief of depression can occur faster with this antidepressant better than any other antidepressant. Prozac, or Fluoxetine, inhibits presynaptic serotonin with little to no effect on the reuptake of norepinephrine or dopamine. Luvox CR, or Fluvoxamine, has fewer adverse effects than tricyclic antidepressants (Ambardar,

They are usually preferred over other antidepressants as they cause fewer side effects. Fluoxetine is probably the best-known SSRI (Prozac).

This class of medication works by increasing the amount of Serotonin in the brain to help maintain a balance (Preston & et al, 2013).

These drugs, known as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI), affect neurotransmitter serotonin levels by inhibiting the body’s ability to remove serotonin when the brain tells it to.

This treatment is targeted for individuals who suffer from depression, bulimia, obsessive compulsive disorders and panic disorders. Prozac is sometimes used together with another medication called olanzapine (Zyprexa). to treat depression caused by bipolar disorder (manic depression). This combination is also used to treat depression after at least 2 other medications

Psychiatrists, psychologists, doctors and patients alike were presented with a solution in 1987, the year of Prozac’s introduction. Depression medication held a stigma, and was not expected to become a topic of heated debate and ravenous support. The older Tricyclic drugs such as doxepin and nortriptyline were rarely prescribed for more than nine months and caused disruptive side effects such as dizziness, sluggishness, painful dry mouth and weight gain to name a few (Natalie Angier for NY Times News Service). Prozac became a blessing for many, “fluoxetine was far superior… initially considered almost free of side effects” (SSRI Antidepressant Medications: Adverse Effects and Tolerability). Natalie Angler’s article communicates the well-received

Diamond in chapters 4, 7 and 9, looks at antipsychotic medications, medications useful for anxiety disorders and sleep problems and medication for people with borderline personality disorder respectively. Antipsychotic medications are profiled as second generation or first generation. Among the identified second generation antipsychotic medications are clozapine, risperidone, olanzapine, quetiapine, ziprasidone, aripiprazole and paliperidone. Clozapine is considered tpo be the most effective antipsychotic drug and has been proven effective as a mood stabilizer in treating “bipolar disorders that have not responded to mood stabilizers” (p. 72). Clozapine has side effects including those of weight gain, metabolic syndrome and increased risk

three groups.Monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) medicines block the monoamine oxidase enzyme (MAO) from destroying monoamine neurotransmitters, which allows them to accumulate, alleviating depression. Serotonin selective reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) medications block the serotonin reuptake pump, allowing the serotonin neurotransmitter to remain and accumulate in the receptor for longer. Speaking of serotonin specifically, depression has been related to a deficiency of the 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) neurotransmitter as evidenced by the concentrations of the

The selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor and the tricyclic antidepressant have shown superiority over the benzodiazepines, monoamine-oxidase inhibitor in term of effectiveness and tolerance.

Iloperidone, a derivative of piperidinyl-benzisoxazole is an atypical antipsychotic drug. The specific indication for the drug is alleviation of psychotic symptoms and not schizophrenia. This is a noteworthy difference from the standard indications for the recently enlisted antipsychotic drugs as these indicate a clinical condition as opposed to a symptom happening in patients who have a clinical condition (for this situation, schizophrenia). This is the approach suggested in the TGA adopted European Union (EU) rule. Iloperidone binds with high antagonistic affinity to serotonin 5-HT1A, 5-HT2A and dopamine D2 and D3 receptors and moderately interacts with dopamine D4, serotonin 5-HT6 and 5-HT7 and adrenergic α1 and α2 receptors.

Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) is a neurotransmitter in the brain that has an enormous influence over many brain functions. It is synthesized, from the amino acid L-tryptophan, in brain neurons and stored in vesicles. Serotonin is found in three main areas of the body: the intestinal wall; large constricted blood vessels; and the central nervous system. The most widely studied effects have been those on the central nervous system. The functions of serotonin are numerous and appear to involve control of appetite, sleep, memory and learning, temperature regulation, mood, behavior (including sexual and hallucinogenic behavior), cardiovascular function, muscle contraction, endocrine regulation, and

There were several pharmacological and nonpharmacological treatments discussed in the article; it includes the anticholinergic