Violence During Ethnic Wars Heightens The Level Of Ethnic Voting During Post War Elections

Identity continues to be a major cause for many wars, both within and without a country. History has proven that conflicts within the borders mostly involve people with very little difference between them. Most of civil wars in nations often start as ethnicity feuds and end up to full scale wars. In the chapter, The Narcissism of Minor Differences, Blok argues that it is often the small differences that lead up to prolonged struggles (p115, 2000). Somalia is an example of a nation where majority of its people share the same cultural and religious background but for a third decade now, members

Canada is often referred to as a nation of immigrants, however, for a long period of time these immigrants came from a limited side of the world. Most people who migrated to the Dominion before the turn of the twentieth century left European nations, predominately the British Isles and Western Europe. The pattern of immigration began to shift particularly in the 1890s, as it became more likely for southern and eastern Europeans to make the trip. Additionally, another notable change in the pattern of immigration was the increase in Asian workers beginning to arrive in the first couple of decades after Confederation. As a result of the influx of immigrants entering Canada, racism flourished in a variety of ways from individual acts of

The language of the article is politically based, and there are vocabulary words that are not common knowledge. The article is broken down by headings, which makes the document easily navigated. The graphics within the article give the readers a visual break, but they also show the text in picture form, which is sometimes easier to understand. The graphs that the author uses are prevalent in the field of political science, however they are not always helpful to non-intellectuals’ because they are data driven. A benefit of this article is that it is relatively concise and does not have many unnecessary phrases. A downside of this article is that it is formatted with text in columns, which decreases comprehensiveness and

Political upheaval is defined by Harff an abrupt change in the political community caused by the formation of a state or regime through violent conflict, redrawing of a state boundaries, or defeat in international war. In other words, it is a violent and sudden disturbance in government or politics. This is proven because “all genocides of the last half-century occurred during or in the immediate aftermath of internal wars, revolutions, and regime collapse” (57). She also explains that the ideologies that start revolutions can also encourage ethnic hatred which provides a motive for mass killings of the perceived enemies of the new order that comes into

i)Up to 1/5 of white population Loyalists- some officeholders in imperial govt, others merchants engaged in trade tied to imperial system, others who had lived in isolation of revolutionary ideas, others expected Brits to be victors

From 1992 to 1995, Bosnia experienced an extended period of turbulence due to a Serbian nationalist movement that resulted in violent upheaval. After many years of being part of an empire or another country, Bosnia finally gained the opportunity to be independent in 1992. Yet there was little reason to rejoice independence when many non-Serbs were dispossessed of their home in Bosnia. Although this genocide was coined “ethnic cleansing,” in the early stages, the devastating casualties and human rights violations mark this event as one of the worst mass killings since the Holocaust.

With the great diversity in the world disagreements over race and religion are ubiquitous. Consequently, opinions over these subjects are the biggest contributors to war and bloodshed. Changes made in long standing traditions were greeted with hostility. Religion and Absolutism caused disharmony in European countries as well as strife over religion and government.

The war and genocide in Bosnia was unpredictable and tragic. Or was it? Let’s start by stating that obviously the war was tragic; however, was it truly unpredictable. Many argue that, “...the outbreak of fighting in the 1990s was merely the latest chapter in a long history of an ethnic conflict that is too complex for outsiders to understand and too intractable to be resolved” (Johnston & Eastvold, 2004). So if that is true then we should come to expect religiously motivated conflicts like the Bosnian Genocide to continue to happen on an endless timeline. Except that there were certain key moments in Bosnia that tilted this situation past the breaking point. Continuing on with that point, Muslims played a pivotal role in starting the war and for that they were particularly targeted by the genocide.

Yugoslavia has long suffered with problems concerning religion and ethnicity. There was always a back- and- fourth tension between the ethnic groups. “During the 1930s it became apparent that the ethnic groups were unwilling to blend and merge together. The Serbs who made up about 40 percent of the population dominated politics. The Croats and Slovenes resented Serbian aggressiveness. These ethnic groups lived an

The dependent variable in this study is voter turnout rates, expressed as a percentage of the eligible population. Data was collected from two time periods; 1960-1970 and 1971-1980. The eligible voting population was calculated for each country from data reported by the International Labour Office in 1977 and data reported by the United Nations in 1984.

In the 1990s Yugoslavia was the battlefield of Europe’s bloodiest war since 1945. This notorious culmination was a product of an interconnected chain of events which began in the mid-1980s with the deepening of the conflict and the extremely strained relations between the two major ethnic groups in Kosovo: Albanians and Serbs. Kosovo was the most problematic region in the whole federation due to the large number of Albanian population in the province and the heterogeneous ethnic picture of the area. In parallel with that,

In this day and age, we find ourselves at odds with our “identity” as we find that not only are we representing ourselves, but we also have ties to religion, sect, tribe, and family (Angrist). This shows that despite the cohesiveness and threads that attach us, it has the power to pull people, families, and in some cases countries apart. This conflict comes to a head when religion and ethnicity are interwoven. Hence when divisions occur, this can lead to violent wars that destroy trust between individuals. This can ingrain a sense of uneasiness and distrust that plagues people’s ideas and leaves a country divided. This is particularly evident in Lebanon. Ethnic and religious division led to the festering of feelings of marginalization and discrimination, which boiled over into the Lebanese civil war, a war that claimed the lives of 150,000 people (Szekely). The anger and frustration birthed from this to chaos, and conflict has in turn increased the division between ethnic and religious factions and led to the crumbling of Lebanese nationalism. This essay is specifically aimed at assessing the relationships between ethnic and religious divisions in Lebanon and explores how it contributed to the civil war. This is done by identifying and analyzing the main actors and makes an explanation of the historical divisions stemming from the National Pact, branching out to include the consequences of the civil war on the political structures and the identities of the

Bosnia was still trying to create a multiethnic state, but the political institutions already supported ethnic partition in the government. As asserted by McMahon and Western, “Although Bosnia professes to seek the creation of a unified multi ethnic state, its political institutions support ethnic partition at every level of government.” The politicians of Bosnia wanted the government to be diverse on all levels, but they were still trying to create a diverse society at the same time. Ethnic partition in the government was also supported by the nationalist parties in Bosnia. As advocated by Black, “The elections were held without violence, but the results were a victory for the nationalist parties who wanted to maintain the ethnic partition of the country.” The result of the election was a new three person presidency with each president from a different ethnic group. The nationalist parties saw this as a victory because they supported ethnic partition in the government. Although people in Bosnia supported a diverse government, the country was still broken. Dahlman and Tuathail described that, “Without cooperation from the local authorities to reverse the wartime property laws, returnees to other areas could not re-establish possession over their

In my last point, I would like to focus on what Bringa and Sudetic overlooked or did not emphasized enough while attempting to explain what account for violence in local communities in Bosnia, as well as, what I personally found to be the most persuasive and insightful in their explanation. Starting with Bringa film “We Are All Neighbours”I find that although image speaks a thousand words there still many unknowns in the movie,

The article ‘Long Term Effects of Political Violence: Narrative Inquiry Across a 20-Year Period’ was co-written by Professor Karola Dillenburger, Director of the Centre for Behaviour Analysis, Dr. Montserrat Fargas Research Fellow School of Sociology, and Rym Akhonzada, Research Co-ordinator, all at the Queen’s University of Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom.