Viral Manipulation Of Cell Death Lab

b. Our cells are programed to know when to grow, divide, and when to die, with that said just like any other machine, if these “parts” within our DNA do not work then that is when our machine goes off track and starts breaking down.

The cell cycle has four main stages. The cell cycle is the regular pattern of growth. The four stages consist of Gap 1 (G1), Synthesis (S), Gap 2 (G2), and Mitosis (M). Gap 1, consists of a cell that carries its normal functions. Calls also increase in size, and the organelles increase in number. A cell will spend the most time in this phase. But it also depends on the cell type to see how long it will spend in this phase. During this phase the cell has to pass a critical checkpoint before it can continue into the (S) stage, also called the Synthesis stage. It would be dangerous for a cell to keep dividing if the certain conditions were not met. The cells in this stage also need signals from the other cells to tell the if division is needed. Now the next stage is the Synthesis stage. During this phase the cell makes a copy of it’s nuclear DNA. By the end of the (S) phase DNA appears grainy in photos and the cell nucleus contains two complete sets of DNA. Gap 2, is the third stage of the cell cycle. The cells continue doing there thing and more growth occurs. This phase is like the checkpoint, everything in the cell has to be going right for the cell to be able to enter mitosis.

I frantically scanned the pages of the investigation, to find the genetic mutation in the killer virus that was quickly causing the most devastating pandemic in human history. It was imperative to find the genetic mutation, because it was that gene which allowed the virus to impersonate its host’s domestic cells, making any treatment virtually impossible.

cells go through cell division, and provide a volatile environment in which they can not properly

In the article, "Mitosis Can Drive Cell Cannibalism Through Entosis", Joanne Durgen (et al.) suggests that cell division may cause living cells to engulf each other by invading another living cell. Although the word "cannibalism" sounds terrible, cell-eating-cell is very descriptive of what happens in this process and is shown that it may be beneficial in limiting tumor growth. Briefing over where entosis is found and what it does, what proteins regulate the entosis process, and possible beneficial characteristics in human cancer and chemotherapy in this article may give a better understanding of this microscopic process.

The AP Biology course’s second key concept is: “biological systems utilize energy and molecular building blocks to grow, reproduce, and to maintain homeostasis.” One of the main points encompassed in this idea is cell differentiation, the process by which cells specialize in structure and function, highlighted in chapter 16. Cell specialization is an overarching concept that connects to the idea that the coordination of specific events is necessary for the normal development of an organism.

Did you know the name virus was coined from the word meaning slimy liquid or poison?In the document "study adds to evidence that viruses are alive" Diana Yates builds an argument to persuade the audience that viruses are living entities that share history with cells. Yates uses evidence, reasoning, stylistic and persuasive elements to, strengthen the logic and persuasiveness of her argument.

Death is the terminating factor of all living organisms in the human body. Examples of these functions includes malnutrition, disease, suicide/homicide, starvation/dehydration, etc. Sadly, shortly after these tragic accidents the bodies living organisms starts to decompose, causing family members to grief and be in pain.

Everyday science is advancing and researchers are working hard to examine and investigate all the different possible ways to develop new viruses to cure cancer. A research paper published recently suggests that a genetically engineered poxvirus called JX-594 shows the greatest clinical potential for a couple of reasons. It spreads and replicates fast, does not mix into host DNA, easy to manipulate genetically, very immunogenic, and remarkably safe in both animal models and initial human clinical trials [19].

The HI–Virus needs a host cell to multiply. Like all viruses the HI-Virus is not an independent organism and requires a foreign metabolism to survive. It consists of an outer envelope, which contains the docking points for the connection with the host cell. The inner capsule contains the building plan of the virus – the RNA. The HI-Virus contains also a protein coat with the enzymes. It must penetrate a human cell, introduce its hereditary informations1 and reprogram the cell that it produces the building blocks for the viral protein. The target of the HI-Virus is the cell that carries the CD4 antigen on their surface. CD4-Antigens are certain proteins molecules on the surface of the cells, which serve as receptors for the HI-Virus.

The second step is promotion which involves an action promoting the uncontrolled growth and proliferation of mutated cells. In time these cells loose their normal abilities and just reproduce.

3. Apoptosis: when a cell is abnormal or no longer needed, it can program its death by cell suicide process. This is a good way of eliminating cancer or bad cells from dividing and multiplies. However, too little or too much may lead to some diseases such as cancer, Huntington’s disease, and Parkinson’s disease.

The number of cells is closely regulated by the rate of cell division and the rate of cell death. When cells become unneeded, they activate an intracellular death program and commit suicide. This process is often known as apoptosis. Cells die for numerous reasons. For instance, cell death regulates cell numbers and can adjust the number of cells needed for a particular function. When a structure a cell forms is no longer needed, the cell will die. Cells can become damaged or stressed and trigger an activation from within the cell to kill itself. Proteolytic enzymes called capases mediate apoptosis by triggering cell death by cleaving proteins in the cytoplasm and nucleus. The triggering process is initiated by death signals by either extracellular or intracellular signals. Response to signals coming from

Cell death is when a biological cell stops carrying out is function. Cell death can be due to the natural process of replacing old cells with new ones, or may result from factors such as disease, localized injury, or even death of the whole organism.

cells initially adjust to the new medium (lag phase) until they can start dividing regularly by the process of binary fission (exponential phase). When their growth becomes limited, the cells stop dividing (stationary phase), until eventually they show loss of viability (death phase). Note the parameters of the x and y axes. Growth is expressed as change in the number viable cells vs time.