Virtual Pharmaceutical: How It Works

Based on ¨Principles of Pharmacokinetics¨, ¨pharmacokinetics is the study of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion¨ (Ratain 2003). In other words, the drug's pharmacokinetics determines the duration and the intensity of the effect on the body. Absorption rate can be affected by the drug itself, such as: rate of dissolution, lipid solubility, and route (VandeWaa 2016). The absorption process starts by the route of admission, in this case oral. The oral, or by mouth, route of administration for drugs is the most common. When a pill is taken by mouth, it travels down to the stomach, were most pills dissolve. While in the stomach, some kinds of pills are absorbed into the stomach lining, but some move on to the small intestine. Every pill eventually ends up in the bloodstream and circulate through the body to tissues and organs (Howell 2017). Once passive diffusion occurs, the cells absorb the molecules of the medicine. Then, the molecules of the medicine will exit the cells and travel in the bloodstream for the distribution process.

The purpose of this investigation is to find out if the coating on pills makes it harder to dissolve.

In Chapter 5, we used water soluble chitosan (with the commercial name PROTASAN UP CL 213) as received from the supplier (Novamatrix, Norway). PROTASAN UP CL 213 is based on a chitosan with 75-90% of deacetylation. It is in the form of a cationic polymer with a highly purified and well-characterized water-soluble chloride salt. Typically, the molecular weight for PROTASAN UP CL 213 is in the 150-400 kDa range.

Many molecules, particularly peptides and polypeptides are physically embedded in polymers to create a complex network of interconnecting pores through which the drug could subsequently diffuse. The pore structure and polymer composition is controlled in order to design systems that release the drug at nearly any rate and for nearly

Before any medicine can work, it must dissolve before absorption can take place. The process of dissolution followed by absorption determines, in part, the bioavailability of the drug (Reckitt Benckiser). Dissolution is a process where a drug is released, dissolved and is available for absorption (Reckitt Benckiser).

In present years, the interest in multiple-layered tablets as an oral controlled release System has increased. Multiple-layered tablets have some advantages Compared to conventional tablets. Commonly used to no chemical Incompatibilities of formulation components by physical separation. Release profiles of drug may depend on combining layers with different release patterns, and by combination of slow-release with immediate-release layers. Conte and Maggi have described an oral controlled-release tablet called Geomatrix, which is based on the

This means that they are actually controlling the drug concentration in the body, not just the release of the drug from the dosage form, as is the case in a sustained-release system.

Most ocular diseases are treated with topical application of eye drops. After instillation of an eye drop, typically less than 5% of the applied drug penetrates the cornea and reaches intraocular tissues, while a major fraction of the instilled dose is absorbed and enters the systemic circulation. As ocular efficiency of topically applied drugs is influenced by the corneal contact time, most common method of improving ocular availability of drugs is to increase pre-corneal residence time by using vesicular system and hydrogel. One such approach to improve bioavailability of drug is the use of in-situ gelling system, which gets converted from sol-to-gel as a result of change in pH. By using Carbopol940 – a pH sensitive gelling agent, an

Pharmaceutical – In the pharmaceutical industry context, the principal water-soluble actives desired to be encapsulated are small water-soluble drugs, enzymes, vaccines, peptides and DNA [3]. The primary feature of microcapsules in the pharmaceutical industry is the drug delivery with controlled and targeted release, leading to an increase of the drug

The main concept of the project is to design an oral dispersible tablets by using naturally disintegrates.

Niosomes are the novel carrier systems which have the bilayer structure. Niosomes can deliver both hydrophilic and lipophilic drugs. But niosomes are unstable. There will be the aggregation, leakage, storage and stability problems. Proniosomes are the versatile preparations which are stable. These are the dried forms of niosomes. Zidovudine proniosomal gel was prepared of different formulation. The permeation studies were carried using rat abdominal skin. Higher percentage release was achieved using the Span 20 i.e., 97.55%±1.1. Effect of lecithin and effect of non-ionic surfactants was carried out. The higher percent entrapment efficiency was achieved to F1 formulation of about 74.70%. There was no effect of cholesterol concentration. As the lecithin concentration was increased the percent drug release also increase but only at a certain extend. At the certain limit surfactant concentration also increases the drug release. By using the proniosomes as carries the bioavailability of Zidovudine increases to 97%. The proniosomes after hydration was characterized using the light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Proniosomes are suitable delivery systems for many of the hydrophilic and lipophilic drugs.

This attention is mirrored in the flow of publications in scientific literature in recent years. Exceptional discussions on the chemistry, preparation, and the general properties of nanocellulose are obtainable from numerous literatures.The surface chemistry of nanocellulose materials makes them an interesting podium for ready and easy functionalization because they are almost entirely made of hydroxyl groups. This tendency coupled with their biocompatibility is propelling their use within different (bio)materials. Nanocellulose materials are in three categories depending on whether the cellulose is of bacterial origin or derived from the

Advancement in drug delivery, oral route is the most common route to the systemic circulation due to easiest way of administration, low cost of drug, patient compliance and flexibility in formulation. About 90% of all drugs used are administered by oral route. Though the drugs are administered orally, solid oral dosage forms is the most common class of products. Tablets are the most common type of solid dosage form in use which is classified based on the drug release pattern, i.e. immediate release and modified release. The immediate release tablets have many drawbacks including non-site specific drug release. However, many drugs are absorbed from

With the many innovations in the disciplines of nanotechnology and drug delivery their merger is a very advantages strategy transport of small molecular weight drugs and macromolecules for localized or targeted delivery to the tissue of interest [1]. Nanotechnology will provided an outlet for conveying therapeutic agents in biocompatible nanocomposites such as nanoparticles, nanocapsules, micellar systems, and conjugates. With the rewards of the nano scale and interactions of these delivery systems, remedies can be used to provide targeted delivery of drugs, to improve oral bioavailability, to sustain drug/gene effect in target tissue, to solubilize drugs for intravascular delivery, and to improve the stability of therapeutic agents against enzymatic degradation, especially of protein, peptide, and nucleic acids drugs [1]. By tailoring polymer qualities, on can specify design factors that can control the release of therapeutic agents to provide excellent targeting for optimal efficacy. The ability to theses distant destinations, nanoparticles are led by bio specific ligand which could direct them to the target tissue. The prime emphasis on the review will be the mechanism of their intracellular uptake, different pathways of their uptake, intracellular trafficking and sorting into different intracellular compartments, and the mechanism of enhanced therapeutic efficacy of the nanoparticle-encapsulated

Drug delivery is always referred to new approaches, formulations, technologies and systems that help in transporting an active ingredient which is found to have pharmacological importance safely to result in desired therapeutic effects. Specific site targeting systems are very essential in achieving so. Otherwise, it might involve facilitating systemic pharmacokinetics. In drug delivery, there are two parameters that are mostly concerned which include the quantity of drug used and the