Viscous Losses in Pipes

Abstract: This experiment introduced the student to lab techniques and measurements. It started with measuring length. An example of this would be the length of a nickel, which is 2cm. The next part of the experiment was measuring temperature. I found that water boils around 95ºC at 6600ft. Ice also has a significant effect on the temperature of water from the tap. Ice dropped the temperature about 15ºC. Volumetric measurements were the basis of the 3rd part of the experiment. It was displayed during this experiment that a pipet holds about 4mL and that there are approximately 27 drops/mL from a short stem pipet. Part 4 introduced the student to measuring

Another assumption we used was amid the calculation of the current pipeline amongst D and E. It was demonstrated that there was a prerequisite to convey an extra stream, and accordingly a new pipeline (looped) was required. A diameter was to be assumed for the new parallel pipeline. After two unsuccessful attempts with diameters of 0.3 m and 0.35 m, our third diameter of 0.38 m, successfully carried the additional flow rate of

Every 5 minutes the volume of gas in the test tube was observed and recorded until

m. Recorded volume of water displaced, which was shown on the graduated cylinder and other necessary quantitative and qualitative observations

In this lab, the following equipment were used to help measure the different values which in turn helped calculate the required properties of the different fluids:

Discussion One if the major findings from this experiment is that Charles’ law is accurate. As the temperature of the water increased, the volume of the gas also increased. As the temperature on the thermometer increased, the volume on the syringe visibly increased as well. When the temperature of the water was decreased, the volume of the gas also decreased. As the temperature on the thermometer decreased, the volume on the syringe can be seen decreasing.

Cell function changes depending on the types of fluid loss. There are three types of fluid loss: Isotonic fluid, hypotonic fluid, and hypertonic fluid.

6. The outflow rate is measured by using a measuring cylinder. It is measured 3 times and averaged for a more accurate result. The results are shown in Table 2.

Then, a10µL pipette was equipped with the appropriate tip, and the volume was set to 1µL. The pipette was then immersed in the DI water and used to draw the set volume and deliver it to the weighing boat. The mass was recorded. This process was repeated for four more aliquots of 1µL of water, and the cumulative weight was recorded. After that, the weighing boat was removed from the balance, dried, placed back, and the balance was tared again to read 0g. Now the volume was set to 9µL by adjusting the micropipette knob, and 5 cumulative weights of 9µL aliquots of water were measured. The entire process was repeated for a second trial. Moreover, the 2-trial cumulative weighing process for the small and large volumes was repeated using the 100µL pipette (with 10µL for small volume and 90µL for large volume), and yet again for the 1000µL pipette (with 100µL for small volume and 900µL for large volume). Note that the disposable plastic tip was changed any time there was residual water droplets trapped inside. Finally, the temperature of the water was measured by the

In this lab, we used different types of pipettes to measure the volumes of water. The accuracy of pipetting could be determined by the weight of liquid we dispensed and used it to compare with expected weight. The purpose of this lab was to use pipets correctly, also increased the precision and accuracy for the lab demand.

In order to conduct the experiment, one must determine the volume of one mole of hydrogen gas at STP. First, a eudiometer tube was placed in an enamel pan, ⅔ filled with water, with its open end upwards, made sure that the tube is clamped to the ring-stand and clamp. Next, the length of the sample of magnesium ribbon given was measured and recorded it. The sample of magnesium ribbon was slightly bent in order to make it fit in the eudiometer tube, while making sure the sample of magnesium ribbon did not break in the process. Afterwards, a piece of thread was tied to the sample of magnesium ribbon at the bend. Then, about 20 mL of hydrochloric acid was measured using a graduated cylinder, and the 20 mL of hydrochloric acid was placed into the

The main idea of this essay was to choose a topic that would centre on something that has posed as a challenge or change in/to individuals as well as the society at large in recent years. In my opinion, I think that one of the most prominent of these issues in recent times has become people’s general attitude towards gender and sexuality. The new notion of “open- mindedness” towards groups that have traditionally been marginalised or misrepresented in mainstream society on the basis of sexual attraction and gender identity has definitely been catching on and I think that it is a major thing that has evolved especially in recent years and it has definitely brought about challenges as well as changes

The change in the pressure depends on the volume and the temperature will be observed during the experiment by using a gas pressure sensor and temperature probe.

After looking at the results, it is easy to see that as pipe got shorter, the fundamental frequency increases. A 0.340m length pipe gave a frequency of 236Hz, while a 0.100m length pipe gave a frequency of 714Hz.

Abstract- A numerical investigation has been carried out for incompressible turbulent flow through 900bend pipes. The model is based on the numerical solution of conservation equations of mass and momentum. The results of the simulations of the flow in the form of contour and vector plots for two types of pipe bend both mitre and smooth bend with seven different Reynolds numbers (2.0+E04, 2.5+E04, 3.0+E04, 3.5+E04, 4.0+E04, 4.5+E04 and 5.0+ E04) are presented in this paper. From the obtained results, it is seen that the mitre bend produces more turbulent kinetic energy, eddy viscosity, skin friction factor compared to the smooth bend. To put an emphasis on the smooth bend for different R/D ratios, the static pressure distribution along the inner, outer wall and the pressure loss factor with different Re numbers are analyzed. However, it is noticed that as Re increases the pressure gradient changes rapidly at the inner and the outer wall of the bend. Again, the total pressure loss factor k increases as the R/D ratio decreases and due to higher velocity heads factor k decreases as Re increases. The numerical results are found to be in a good agreement with experimental