Vitamin A and Multiple Scolorosis

One reason effective prevention measures have yet to be developed is that the cause of multiple sclerosis is still not fully understood. Researchers believe that a combination of factors, both genetic and environmental, contribute to the development of multiple sclerosis. Though scientists haven't figured out a way to prevent MS, there are some things that affect your risk of developing MS, incidences of MS are higher in North America, southern Australia, and northern Europe, suggesting that the farther you live from the equator, the greater your risk for developing the disease. According to Dr. Chitnis, vitamin D is also the biggest diet related factor in the possible prevention of MS. Vitamin D is naturally present in fatty fish and is added to milk, some cereal products, and a few other foods. Growing evidence suggests that smoking not only increases the risk of developing MS, but it also increases the severity and hastens the progression of the disease. Given its many health benefits, quitting smoking — or not starting in the first place — is an obvious step to take for anyone who wishes to lower their risk of

Multiple sclerosis (MS) involves an autoimmune process that develops when a previous viral insult to the nervous system has occurred in a genetically susceptible individual. B lymphocytes, plasma cells, and activated T cells, along with proinflammatory cytokines, cause inflammation, oligodendrocyte injury and demyelination. Early inflammation and demyelination lead to irreversible axonal

Multiple sclerosis, also known as MS, is one of humankind’s most mysterious diseases. No one knows the exact cause and there is no exact treatment. Still multiple sclerosis has the ability to affect nearly 3 million people worldwide and at least 500,000 people in the United States (Boroch). This disease tends to be more common in individuals of northern European descent and women are more than twice as likely to develop multiple sclerosis as men. Of those 3 million people, most of them are between the ages of 20 and 50 years old (Dangond). Even though multiple sclerosis is a mystery disease, scientists are working to determine the exact cause and treatment.

MS is characterized by the destruction of myelin, inflammation in the CNS and the formation of lesions in the CNS.

It is suggested by previous studies that the damage of the myelin sheath in MS involves the activation of inflammatory factors including the CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, B cells, macrophages and microglia cells (Luccinetti et al., 1996; Lassmannet al., 2012). However, whether the immune response triggers the onset of MS, or is a consequence of the disease process is currently not clear. Interestingly, several recent studies suggested that the prevalence rate of MS is significantly increased with latitude, which implies that not only the geographical (environmental) differences but racial and ethnic differences may play a role in the worldwide MS distribution (Rosati, 2001; Simpson et al., 2011).

Multiple Sclerosis, commonly known as MS is an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system. Scientists have been studying MS since the 19th century. In MS, the body’s immune system produces cells and antibodies that attack myelin in your brain which is essential for the nerves in your brain and spinal cord to conduct electricity to perform its function. The attack on myelin results in vison loss, paralysis, numbness, muscle weakness, difficulty walking, stiffness, spasms, and bladder and bowel problems. MS has varying degrees of severity and affects people between the ages of 20-50, mostly women. Although there are treatments, there is no cause and cure yet.

Multiple Sclerosis is an inflammatory demyelinating neurodegenerative disorder of the central nervous system that has the potential to cause significant disability in those affected through the body's immune system attacking and destroying the myelin sheaths surrounding the axons. Myelin is rich in lipids and proteins that form layers around the nerve fibers and acts as insulation and protection. This damage to the myelin in the CNS, and to the actual nerve fibers, has the potential to block the transmission of nerve signals between the brain and spinal cord and also other parts of the body. This disruption of the nerve signals produces the primary symptoms of MS which then possibly lead to secondary and tertiary symptoms stemming from these

MS is an autoimmune disease, meaning the immune system attacks the bodys own myelin sheath protection. The damaged myelin and axon fibers is caused by overactivated T cells.

Individuals suffering from MS face continually worsening symptoms leading to progressing disability and early mortality. There is currently no cure and current treatments have negative impacts on the life of the individual receiving the treatment. The story of the discovery and understanding of the disease spans to almost two centuries of medical research and still there is much to understand. Autoimmune disorders are becoming more common in our society and it is crucial to understand the cause of these diseases and to develop better treatments. In the two centuries of research, the life expectancy of an individual with MS has increased dramatically. Upon diagnosis in the late 1800's and early 1900's individuals had an average life span of 10 years but today, due to advances in medical technologies, individuals with MS may live 30 years or more. More research is required to understand how to better treat this disease or prevent the initial autoimmune response from

Reduction in ApoA-I levels is not causation for MS, however for progressive patients maintaining healthy levels of HDL/ApoA-I should result in better neuronal health. Agents designed to improve ApoA-I production

There are many different mechanisms involved in MS that increase the disease 's complexity (Miller, 2012). The different mechanisms are the blood brain barrier, astrocytes, microglia, and oligodendrocytes/axons (Miller, 2012). The blood brain barrier is a selective membrane that transports blood to the brain and spinal cord tissue and allows diffusion of certain molecules due to the selective membrane (Miller, 2012). Astrocytes are star shaped glial cells that make up about 90% of the human brain (Miller, 2012). Astrocytes help maintain neuron survival and survival of other glia cells (Miller, 2012).

In EAE mice, treatment with vitamin D doses has shown to suppress the disease in both males and females while supplementation inhibits the disease in females. Further studies revealed that vitamin D supplements showed preventati abilities only during early life and not during gestation or adulthood, which suggests that there is a critical window that links vitamin D with MS (Krementsov, 2013). In humans, vitamin D levels are known to be lower in individuals with MS. The US Department of Defense also reports more instances of MS in individuals who had low levels of vitamin D prior to the disease (Gorman, 2012).

According to the study inclusion and exclusion criteria, 69 female with Multiple Sclerosis (age: 31.61 ± 5.03 years, body mass: 65.84 ± 12.05 kg, height: 160.98 ± 4.53 Cm) as samples randomly were selected and randomly were divided into three groups (2/5≤EDSS< 0.05).

Multiple sclerosis is an “immune-mediated progressive neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system” (McCormick, 2010, p. 32). This is disease can have periods of activity followed by remission intervals (McCormick, 2010). A process of demyelination occurs through an autoimmune response in which macrophages and cytotoxic T- cells form a chronic inflammatory state that scars the myelin sheath surrounding nerve cells (Marchiondo, 2010). T- lymphocytes

A diet mimicking fasting alleviates MS symptoms – the ‘fast’ way to reduce the effects of autoimmunity.