Vitiligo Case Study

The American Academy of Dermatology Consensus (AAD) already mentioned the three available in vivo methods: immediate pigment darkening (IDP), persistent pigment darkening (PPD), UVA protection factor (UVAPF) (Lim et al., 2001). The IDP method defines the smallest dose of UVA to cause darkening on the skin in a short irradiation time (seconds) that is observed immediately after exposure. The PPD method is basically similar to IDP method but the pigmentation caused by minimal dose of UVA is persistent (2 – 24 hours) after exposure. The UVA-PF is based on the minimal erythematous responses and persistent pigmentation caused by UVA, the end point is erythema or tannin (Lim et al., 2001, Pelizzo et al.,

Dermatologists, physicists, and scientists conducted a workshop of UVA treatment, and the workshop’s findings are presented in the New England Journal of Medicine. A previous president of the American Academy of Dermatology wrote an article titled “UVA1 is Often A1” to discuss their findings. The workshop found that medium or high-dose UVA1 works well with morphea, urticarial pigmentosa, atopic dermatitis, dyshydrotic dermatitis, subacute pruigo, and systemic lupus erythematosus. These diseases are treated by UVA rays because the wavelength is longer, which means there is less energy delivered to the skin and the greater penetration of photons (Dahl, 2012). Dermatologists even use sunbeds with higher intensity than regular tanning beds in their offices. For example, Windsor Dermatology uses four different types of light therapy to treat the skin condition psoriasis. One type of light therapy is that of UVA. The anti-inflammatory properties of ultraviolet light aid in slowing the growth of psoriasis effected skin

Surprisingly, the sun-kissed tanned skin is what most younger whiter complexions are eagerly trying to desire; despite the risk of artificial tanning that could cause to a person’s health, but the rate of people using a tanning salon is still rising. In America, there are 30 million white females from ages 16 to 29 years old that are fascinated in indoor tanning (Becirevic, Amel et al, 2017). As the rate of tanning bed users rises the melanoma incident has also increased. Melanoma risk is associated with artificial tanning for a very long period of exposure to the ultraviolet radiation which skin problem can occur later in life. People used artificial tanning as it gives very quick result for a brief period and the fewest number of sessions

Vitiligo is a continual and long term skin problem that causes white depigmentation on your skin. The white patches appear due to melanocytes within the skin dying off. Melanocytes are cells that reproduce causing pigment, if you lack melanocytes then you will have white patches. Melanin, which gives your skin color also protect you from the sun’s UV rays. Vitiligo affects people differently; there is not an exact place where you can have it. You can have it all over your body, hair, mouth, and even eyes.

Vitiligo is an auto-immune disease where melanocytes, the cells that make pigment in the skin, are destroyed (Vora, Patel, Chaudhary, Mehta & Pilani, 2014). It is characterized clinically by totally white patches of skin, also known as lesions, appearing primarily on visible areas of the body, including face and hands (Osman, Elkordufani & Abdullah, 2009). In very rare cases vitiligo is accompanied by itching or other somatic symptoms but gradual discoloration is generally its only physical symptom (Schmid-Ott et al., 2007). The patches develop unpredictably and while there is a genetic component to vitiligo, race and age do not affect the incidence of the disease (Gupta, Sreenivas, Mehta, Khaitan & Ramam,

have white patches in the skin. There is no real cause of vitiligo known at this time (Sahni,

Skin deformities like vitiligo receive a lot of negative attention also. Vitiligo is a skin discoloring disease that causes lack of pigmentation in certain areas of the skin. Although there are some very expensive treatment options for vitiligo there is no cure for it and it cannot be prevented. People with vitiligo are often referred to an thought of as freaks and many other insulting concepts.

vitiligo can affect at any age (Dash et al., 2015). The disease equally affects dults and children of both sexes; however, vitiligo is commonly reported during stages of active development. About 50% of patients present before the age of 20 and nearly 70-80% present before age of 30. Although no age is immune to vitiligo, the disease is very rarely observed at birth (Reddy,

Vitiligo is a skin disease where an individual loses their pigmentation when the pigment producing cells are attacked and destroyed (AOCD, n.d.). Vitiligo is also known to be an auto-immune disorder where certain white blood cells direct the destruction of the melanocyte (AOCD, n.d.). Melanocytes are cells that give us our skin and hair color (AAOD, n.d.). Vitiligo affects any individual no matter their ethnic origin or sex. Individuals often notice that they have the skin disease before they reached the age of 20 which is often notice on individuals with darker skin. Common areas that vitiligo would normally start would be on an individual’s hands, feet, or face (AOCD, n.d.).

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a therapeutic method that takes advantage of photochemical reactions between photosensitizing agents, light, and oxygen in order to deliver localized phototoxic effects.1, 2 Since its introduction into mainstream medicine, PDT has become a mainstay in treatment of certain dermatologic disorders such as actinic keratosis, Bowen’s disease, and acne.3 In dermatology, the process of PDT typically involves topical administration of photosensitizers, such as 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) and methylaminolevulinate (MAL), which are taken up by target cells in the skin. Then, a light source with a specific wavelength is directed toward the target tissue causing activation of the photosensitizing agent. The release of energy from these activated photosensitizers leads to production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and localized phototoxicity causing selective cell apoptosis and necrosis.2 Because of its non-invasive nature, high efficacy, and low side effect profile, the use of PDT has gained popularity for treatment of many cutaneous diseases.

Vitiligo is a multifactorial polygenic disorder with a complex pathogenesis. It is related to both genetic and non genetic factors. Although several theories have been proposed about the pathogenesis of vitiligo, the precise cause remains unknown. Generally agreed upon principles are an absence of functional melanocytes in vitiligo skin and a loss of histochemically recognized melanocytes, owing to their

Vitiligo is a skin condition characterized by the loss of pigmentation resulting in white patches of skin. The disease is called Vitiligo which causes the loss of skin color in blotches, caused by different situations like; anger issues, severe accidents like car crashes, etc. This skin loss disease is not contagious at any point during the loss of skin or after the loss. About half to one percent of the world's population have vitiligo. The age of onset is in the mid-twenties, but it can appear at any age throughout the lifetime of any one. This disorder affects both sexes and any race equally; however, it is more noticeable on dark skinned

As humans, which have been one of the few mammals to exist without a complete layer of hair covering the body, they lack some of the essentials that aid in the protection of their skin on a day to day basis. This has led to the destruction of skin cells, which has caused cancer over a prolonged period of time. Even though humans have little natural protection from ultraviolent radiation, better known as UVA and UVB rays, it has been statistically proven that there are a multitude of other procedures than can be executed in order to save dermal tissue from further damage. “The main recommendations are to seek the shade, to avoid sun exposure around noon and to apply sunscreen. Sunscreen application is usually the preferred way of sun protection.

The concept of treatment with light and photoactive compounds can be traced back over 6000 years to the ancient Egyptians who used light-sensitive substances (psoralens) by crushing leaves of plants related to parsley with sunlight to treat sunburns.(100)Indians also believed that vitiligo could be treated by the combination of extracts of Psoralea corylifolia and light.(100) But the actual breakthrough came by Finsen’s research in 1901 in which he showed that skin tuberculosis could be successfully treated with natural and artificial ultraviolet light.(101)

As skin ages and is repeatedly exposed to harmful UV rays, the level of vitamin A, produced in the body, constantly decreases. The skin renewal processes slow down and the epidermal layer becomes progressively thinner. Some of the research of the ingredients, such as vitamin C, was held in 1990s. Further, scientists identified two key chemical "helpers" to assist in the delivery of vitamin C through the skin.