Vulvovaginitis Essay

     I have infected 45 million Americans and will infect 1 million more Americans each year. Who am I?

The human papillomavirus (HPV) is a sexually transmitted disease (STD) that is very common throughout the United States and worldwide (World Health Organization (WHO), 2016). There are over 100 different forms of the virus with 13 of these types being capable of causing cancer (WHO, 2016). HPV can lead to the development of serious health problems. Theses health problems are especially an issue for adolescent women due to the highly increasing STD rates among this age group (Kostas-Polston, Johnson-Mallard & Berman, 2012). There is a vaccine for many of the common types of HPV, however, many parents are refusing to vaccinate their daughters for various reasons. With the rising cases of STDs, less birth

In the attempt to avoid complications and further accuracy of diagnosis, more modern tests have been created. The Roche Amplicor PCR, polymerase chain reaction, was the first diagnostic test using nucleic acid amplification. This type of test “involves rapid thermal cycling in a specially programmed thermal cycler.” Test samples usually consist of urethral swabs for both men and women and cervical swabs for women. The second nucleic acid amplification test was the Abbott LCx test. Instead of PCR, Abbot LCx uses LCR, ligase chain reaction, to test for diagnosis. Results from this particular test may contain a more accurate realization for the chlamydial bacteria because it is species specific. Both nucleic acid tests concentrate on finding certain mutations in the target DNA.

Vulvovaginitis: If you develop an infection or excessive inflammation of the vagina or vulva tissues, you can be diagnosed with a common condition called vulvovaginitis. This condition has a number of causes, including poor hygiene, bacteria, viruses, yeasts and sexually transmitted diseases. Symptoms of vulvovaginitis can include vaginal itching and inflammation, abnormal vaginal discharge, urinary discomfort or unpleasant vaginal odor. Treatment of this condition typically involves the use of antifungal or antibiotic medications (oral or

More than 2-4 million cases of Chlamydia are reported every year. The infection mostly occurs in females, age 15-24 years. Women are most likely to get a Chlamydial genitourinary infection and are most likely to be asymptomatic than men. Women develop long term complications such as pelvic inflammatory disease and infertility. “The prevalence of Chlamydia has been reported to be as

The female vaginal microbiome plays a pivotal role in the maintenance and protection of urogenital health. The extent by which it is able to defend and protect against potentially pathogenic bacteria and sexually transmitted infections (STIs) is strongly associated with a high-relative abundance of vaginal Lactobacillus spp. Lactobacillus spp. prevent colonization of potential pathogens through the production of lactic acid, bacteriocins and biosurfactants. Conversely, depletion of vaginal Lactobacillus spp. is associated with an increased abundance of anaerobic bacteria including Gardnerella, Prevotella and Dialister spp., an increase in vaginal pH (>4.5), and is strongly correlated with the polymicrobial, pro-inflammatory vaginal disorder,

Human papilloma virus (HPV) is a name derived from group of viruses that affect the human skin and other moist areas found in the human body, such as the cervix, anus, mouth and throat. There are more than 100 species of HPV, of which only thirty of them affect the genital area. Genital HPV is very contagious and are spread during sexual intercourse and skin to skin of the genital areas. Some HPV can be physically detected, when there are visible genital warts seen around the site. HPV that do not exhibit clinical symptoms are known as sub-clinical HPV, which connotes that they are not visible, neither do they have recognizable symptoms (Women 's health specialist, November, 2009). Most of the time, Sub - clinical HPV is discovered when there is an abnormal results from pap smear. On the other hand, research also shows that men do encounter sub-clinical HPV, but the test does not work for them. Therefore, men may have it without knowing.

It is estimated that 79 million Americans are currently infected with a strand of Human Papilloma virus (HPV), and that 14 million Americans become infected annually (CDC HPV Questions and Answers, 2016). HPV was discovered in 1979 when HPV-16 and HPV-18 were found to be linked to cervical cancer (Hausen, n.d.). Every year 27 million Americans get cancer from HPV (CDC What Is HPV, 2016). Cancers associated with HPV whose rates were larger than the mean U.S. rate (11.7 per 100,000) were located in the Southern United States(CDC MMWR, 2016).

Vaginitis is a common disease that affects women of various ages and shows the following signs:

Other vaginal infections such as bacterial Vaginosis; common sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) like gonorrhea, Chlamydia and Trichomoniasis; Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infections that cause genital warts and can lead to cervical cancer; Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)

Finding out you have genital herpes is no fun at all. Despite the fact that it is a very common ailment, and that around 1 in 5 people carry the virus, many sufferers are plagued with guilt, anxiety and a huge loss of self worth. This is mainly due to the taboo nature of the virus and the myth and rumors that surround it.

     I was eighteen years old when I had my first abnormal pap smear. I received a call from my OB/GYN's office and was informed that I had the Human Papilloma Virus show up on my pap smear. This was the first pap smear I had ever had, and I was terrified. The news got worse. I researched this virus and learned that it was actually a sexually transmitted disease that could either cause cervical cancer, or genital warts! I didn’t understand, I had been with my boyfriend for five years and he was my first partner. How could I have contracted a sexually transmitted disease?

Vaginal infection is a medical term used to describe various conditions that cause infection or inflammation of the lining mucosa of the vagina (Shuman, 2009; & Shaaban, 2010).Vaginal infection is common problem for women who seek medical care. They are responsible for more than 10 million of visits annually to gynecologist's office, Also it is the most common gynecological complaints that creates discharge, odour, dysuria, dyspareunia and irritation or itching (Pearlman & Tintinalli, 2009; & Stenchever, 2011).

Cervical cancer malignant cancer of the cervix uteris or cervical area. It may present with vaginal bleeding but symptoms may be absent until the cancer is in its advanced stages, which has made cervical cancer the focus of intense screening efforts using the Pap smear. About 2.2 percent of women carry one of the 2 virus strains most likely to lead to cervical cancer. One of the symptoms of Cervical Cancer is very Unusual amount of discharge.

increasing number of infections among women, very young children make up an increasingly large proportion of new infections.