Vykjanes Ridge

The Rift has affected the volcanic activity over the years that it has been there. This is because as the plates push apart from eachother, they push up against other tectonic plates which creates the structure of the volcanoes. As the plates push up against eachother the edge of the plates have nowhere to go but up. The divergence of the plates has also been the cause of several dormant volcanoes created in Africa such as Mount Kilimanjaro, Mount Elgon and Mount Meru.

The volcanoes are located where there is a divergence or convergence in the tectonic plates and bring their lava from the deepest of the terrestrial mantle. The materials and explosions of these ginates represent a constant risk in the places inhabited by the human being, nevertheless the people ususually live in these areas no matter the risk. On the other hand the volcanos can change the geology of an impressive form, or to cool the temperature of the earth, or to darken the sky. The scientific community increases its efforts to try to understand better what happens in volcanoes, however it is impossible to predict these conditions.

To support the theory of continental drift is through topography, surveying the floors of oceans, charts of rock magnetism, and statistics on rock ages (Trefil & Hazen, 2010). At one time scientist believed that the deep ocean floors were flat; accumulating the sediment that progressively wore away from the prehistoric landmasses (Trefil & Hazen, 2010). However, they discovered steep-walled valleys and elevated highlands. This was evidences that just as the continents are transformed and are active, so to is the seafloor (Trefil & Hazen, 2010). The Mid- Atlantic Ridge, positioned in the central part of the Atlantic Ocean, is recorded to be the longest mountain range on this planet. Volcanoes, lava flow, and earthquakes are a source of

About 5cm a year. 8.30 Describe the direction of movement of the Pacific plate during the development of the volcanic islands that comprise the

Anpother factor that can have an impact on the level of hazard posed by a volcano is the type of plate margin on which it occurs. Volcanoes occuring at constructive plate boundaries are usually much less violent than those occuring at destructive plate boundaries. This is because the magma produced by plates moving apart is Basic, and therefoe has a low viscosity, allowing it to flow easily. The lava is produced from a central vent or fissure and erupts regularly but not usually violently. Also,constructive plate boundaries are often found under the sea and create submarine volcanoes, such as along the Mid-Atalntic ridge, so pose few threats to humans. As a result, the hazards posed by volcanoes at constructive plat eboundaries is relatively low. However, the subduction of one plate under another at destrctive plat eboundaries can form an acidic magma chamber, due to the build up of intense heat. Acidic magma is very viscous and resisitant to flow, meaning that there is often a huge build up of pressure, which can result in very violent and dangerous eruptions involving ash and pyroclastic flow. This can pose a a serious hazard. Pyroclastic flowsa are extremely dense, containing toxic gases at very high temperatures, and can move at speeds over 100km/h. The consequences of such an unpredictable hazard can be extremely seruous

Geologic Setting The Wabigoon Subprovince is part of the Superior Province, an Archean age craton composed of E-NE trending granite-greenstone and metasedimentary terranes that span from western MN to northern Quebec. In Canada, the Neoarchean Wabigoon subprovince hosts numerous precious and base metal deposits, including the Sturgeon Lake VMS deposits

The Axial Seamount is a very interesting landform. The Axial Seamount is an active volcano. Most people might think volcanoes would be above ground however, this volcano is actually underwater. The Axial Seamount was the site of the very first underwater volcano observatory. It is 300 miles from the coast

All of the volcanic and metasedimentary rocks are metamorphosed, whose grades are extending from greenschist to upper amphibolite, characterized by low-pressure but high-temperature (Isachsen & Bowring, 1994). The influence of basement fracture zone is reflected in the homoclinal and abruptly alternated trends of the volcanic belts, which is more frequently found in the southwestern domain of the province, while north belts show angular patterns (Fyson & Helmstaedt, 1988; Padgham,1992; Padgham & Fyson, 1992). Except for the sharp dips of the volcanics, regional-scale folds, foliations and cleavages over several successions shown in the metasedimentary rocks are studied to understand the deformation and metamorphism (Isachsen & Bowring, 1994). Fyson & Helmstaedt (1988) compare three major types of folds which are ranked by their ages and sizes from oldest, most extensive F0 to minor-sized, cleavage-foliation-associated S3 folds with intermediate type F1 between them and they suggest that the parallel trend and they suggest both foliation and folds are results of syntectonic

The Raton-Clayton Volcanic Field and Capulin Volcano The Raton-Clayton volcanic field is about 20 000 km2 in size, and has been active periodically for the past 9 million years. The area is filled with peaks, cones, and lava-capped mesas. The mesas developed as lava flowed into valleys and depressions, cooled off and formed a resistant top layer over sedimentary rocks. As the surrounding rock eroded, the lava protected the underlying stratigraphy from erosion. This caused todays topography, where that which was once the lowest point, is now the highest. There is some disagreement over why the volcanic field is here, one possible cause is that it is near the end of the Jemez Lineament, which has numerous volcanic centers along its reach, possibly

However, it was not until the second half of the 20th century that three major discoveries began to suggest how this might be possible. In 1948, a survey of the floor of the Atlantic Ocean revealed a continuous ridge running largely north to south. IT was around 1,000km wide and reaching heights of 2.5km. It was composed of volcanic rocks. Similar submarine mountain ranges were later found in the Pacific Ocean extending for over 5,000km. Magnetic surveys of the ocean floor in the 1950’s showed surprisingly regular patterns of palaeomagnetic striping about the ridges. When lavas erupt on the ocean floor, magnetic domains within iron-rich minerals in the lava are aligned with the magnetic field of the earth. This is fixed as the lava cools, and unless the rocks undergo major disturbance, they continue to record the earth’s polarity at the time of their cooling. However, as the earth’s polarity reverses around every 400,000 years, bands or stripes of normal and reverse polarity rocks are mirrored on either side of the mid-ocean ridges. This suggests that new rocks are being added equally on either side.

The Earth is always changing because of plate tectonics. Plate tectonics describes the behavior of earth's out shell, with pieces bumping and grinding each other about. Most of the world's active volcanoes are located along or near the boundaries between shifting plates and are called plate-boundary volcanoes. The Hawaiian Islands are one of the best examples of an intra-plate volcanic chain. They are developed by the northwest-moving Pacific Plate passing over an inferred hot spot that inmates the magma generating and volcano-formation process. The Ring of Fire in parts of the Pacific Ocean contain many active volcanoes which Mt. St. Helens is a part of. The zone along plate boundaries are the most geologically active regions on Earth.

The new volcanic material welling up into the void, which forms a ribbon of new materials and breaks down its center gradually, when the plates move apart from the axis of the mid-oceanic ridge system. Therefore, every separating plate accretes one half a ribbon of new lithosphere, and, thus, a new surface is added (Pitman, W.C, 2007). The process is continuous, and separation is always happening at the

The Axial Seamount is an active underwater submarine volcano that is located in the Northeast Pacific Ocean. The purpose of this paper is to research and examine the Axial Seamount and why it is such a natural geological phenomena. The Axial Seamount is the location of the first underwater volcano

Vitasta Vyas Professor Cummings SMT 312 Natural Disasters January 31, 2018 Ring of Fire An arc which spreads from New Zealand all the way to the west coast of North and South America where three-quarters of world’s volcanoes are found is called the Ring of Fire. According to the scientists in the video plate tectonics play a very important role in forming of all the volcanoes. The Ring of Fire is also famous for the earthquakes which takes place here. Ninety percent of the world’s earthquakes occur around the Pacific Rim, which is also an aftermath of shifting of plates. The process that moves the rocks and the seawater into the Earth is called subduction. The scientists explained the process of subduction through a 3D picture of the

magnetic stripes along the seafloor, with stripes getting older as you move away from the mid-Atlantic ridge, thus proving that the plates are moving apart. REVISION GUIDE The mid-Atlantic ridge: The mid-Atlantic ridge runs like a spine along the ocean floor between the North and South Atlantic Ocean. It is a constructive