Wan (Lily) Fu . April 22, 2017 . Psychology 220 . Judge

Women have struggled for more than two centuries to be taken serious as professionals. There should not be a double standard in sports especially if it is loved and played by both genders. Over the years, females have competed against the stereotype of being too fragile both mentally and physically to play strenuous sports. The passion and work ethic of the female professional athletes is just as strong as the males and everyone should be treated equal and be able to have a chance at making a better living for themselves as well as their family. One area that still faces a continual struggle in sports is gender equality. Female

My life started with my long and hard birth on July 14, 1993. I came into the world with a large scream and was immediately placed into some sort of category. The doctors and nurses took a quick look at me, and pronounced me as a girl. This social label of being a girl was now my gender, which is something I had no say in. Every since that very moment in time where my parents were told I was a girl, I have been treated according to my gender. This meant that my parents automatically dressed me in pink, bought me dollhouses and kitchen sets and threw me Barbie themed birthday parties. Since I was surrounded my whole entire life by these things, it was almost like second nature to think and act the way that I did and still do. My

Men and women are psychologically different in many ways. Some of these differences include competitiveness, goal orientation, self-confidence, motivation, mental toughness, incentives, preferences, etc. According to Anne Bowker in Sports Participation and Self-Esteem, Men have an advantage over women in sports because they're more aggressive and have higher self-esteem (2003).

And also what makes men sports better than women’s.

Through the movies viewed in this course this semester, we saw women who were able to play against men and still keep their femininity. Nothing is lost when playing sports not traditionally meant for a particular race or gender. Society must become more understanding when it comes to the sports different types of people play and hinder from stereotyping anyone when they participate and perform well in that sport.

Being raised in Jamaica you are expected to follow the gender roles. The women in my family are strong believers of men should not do any household chores while the women are responsible for cooking, cleaning, taking care of the children, and laundry. While living with my grandmother as a child, my brother didn’t do any chores. I had to clean, do laundry, and cook while my brother did nothing. The response I would receive each time asking my grandmother why I was expected complete these tasks daily was, “you are a female and are expected to do this one day for your significant other.” As I got older I strayed from outdated gender roles and started to believe in gender equity. My biological sex influenced the way I was socialized as a child and it affected how I viewed myself. My family’s process of socialization does not fit in with my norms, values and beliefs.

At birth, the individual’s external genitalia mimics the genitals of a female and may present itself as ambiguous depending upon the individual. The genitals is easily mistaken as female genitals because of an mutation that generates while the child is inside the womb. This mutation hinders the developing child’s body from changing testosterone, a male hormone into the secondary hormone DHT “dihydrotestosterone” (Live Science).

The ovarian and testicular tissue may be separate, or the two may be combined in what is called an ovotestis. Affected individuals have sex chromosomes showing male-female mosaicism (where one individual possesses both the male XY and female XX chromosome pairs). Most often, but not always, the chromosome complement is 46, XX, and in every such individual there also exists evidence of Y chromosomal material on one of the autosomes (any of the 22 pairs of chromosomes other than the sex chromosomes). Individuals with a 46, XX chromosome complement usually have ambiguous external genitalia with a sizable phallus and are therefore often reared as males. However, they develop breasts during puberty and menstruate and in only rare cases actually produce sperm. In 46, XX intersex (female pseudo hermaphroditism), individuals have male external genitalia but the chromosomal constitution and reproductive organs of a female. In 46, XY (malepseudohermaphroditism), individuals have ambiguous or female external genitalia but the chromosomal constitution and reproductive organs of a male, though the testes may be malformed or absent. (The Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica, 2015) Hermaphrodites are actually quite common; more often being shown through plants and animals such as worms, snails and barnacles. (The Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica, 2015) Most fish also have the ability to change gender over a course of time.

Growing up in a society where a person’s gender and ethnicity influences their life to a significant extent has had a great impact on me. Throughout my life, I have been faced with many obstacles such as the socially accepted lie that I am less worthy than a boy, I am weaker, and that my brain does not work as good as a boy’s. I have been told not to play sports because it is shameful for a girl to act like a boy. I have been told not to take part in any sort of activities outside of school because a girl is not supposed to stay outside the house for any reason other than school. Unlike my brother, I have been limited, and all these limitations caused by gender inequality have been the biggest obstacle for me.

The term ‘gender’ must be understood in order to understand the term ‘gender role’. Gender parallels the biological division of sex into male and female, but it involves the division and social valuation of masculinity and femininity (Oakley, 1972: Sex, Gender, and Society). Gender is a concept that humans create socially, through their interactions with one another and their environments, yet it relies heavily upon biological differences between males and females (Amy M. Blackstone, 2003: Gender Roles and Society). According to Amy M. Blackstone (2003), the construction of gender compromising of the individual, group and society ascription of some traits or values purely due to their sex. However, these ascriptions differ across societies and cultures, and time frame of within the same society and culture.

Published just before the second wave of feminism washed through North America, The Edible Woman, a proto feminist and satirical novel written by Margaret Atwood, highlights the battle women must fight with themselves and those around them to be able to live on par with men. Doing so by first and foremost, recognizing that they are seen as and are accordingly treated as the weaker counterparts of men, and secondly, refusing to accept the predetermined roles and responsibilities assigned to them because of their gender. Atwood develops this struggle using symbolism that accentuates the crisis of a “split self” and the metaphorical cannibalism found in a male dominated consumer society. The differences in status, determined solely on gender, is so strongly ingrained in ancient and modern day culture, that recognizing and

As said in blog.practiceathletics.ox “It is certainly true that women on average have less physical strength that men and that a mutual competition would lead to very few women having a chance to win in disciples such as Weightlifting. It is fair to create equal opportunities in sports rather than to aim for equal performance” Oxacuk (2013). Basically what the author explains is that women will not be able to perform at the same level that a man could perform in a sport that requires physical mastery because women do not have the same physique but there should be more opportunities for women to participate in more

Society is discriminating women against men in sports. Women can not beat men in sports because their taller and due to the testosterone, gland secretions, muscles in their upper body than fat deposits. Men are also more competitive than women it is on natural instant. I feel that the men get all the scholarships and great

Men Vs. Women in Professional Sports      Ever since the ancient Greece, men have held athletic competitions or sports. It is only in modern times that women have had an opportunity to compete. Most sports still don’t have men and women directly competing against one another. In the past athletic instructors adapted the rules to make sports less physically taxing for women. For instance in basketball, to ensure that girls maintain proper decorum, they were forbidden from snatching the ball and dribbling it more than three times in row. Females would not be considered strong enough to play a full-court basketball game until 1971. Women have struggled to be taken seriously as athletes for more than two centuries.

Doctor Chandler Gilman once said, “In women, inferiority of the locomotive apparatus of physical labour, is apparent in all parts… The brain is both absolutely and relatively smaller than in men. Women have an abundant supply of soft and semi-fluid cellular tissue which creates softness and delicacy of mind, low power, nonresistance, passivity and under favourable circumstances, a habit of self-sacrifice.” This is one of many taken-for-granted beliefs, which was typical in the past and seen quite frequently up to thirty years ago. Throughout history, women actively participated in sports in a patriarchal society and the viewpoint was that women were depicted as weaker and not as capable of physical activity, that