The Wars of the Roses was a series of civil wars in England between the royal Houses of Lancaster and York from 1455-1485. While the Wars have been described by many historians as dynastic, resulting from the Lancastrian usurpation of the throne in 1399 after the death of Richard II, that argument rose up in the 1460s after the Wars had already started. The truth of the matter is that here are multiple reasons for the conflict. First was the administrative failures of the Lancastrian government of King Henry VI that contributed to an already strained English economy mired in war-debt and recession. Second was the public perception of corrupt government officials, particularly the King’s inner circle leading to calls for reform. Finally, there was the rise of aristocratic discord, particularly between Richard, 3rd duke of York, and Edmund Beauford, 4th earl of Somerset.
In 1437 when King Henry VI of England came into power after having his paternal uncles rule in his place while he was in minority the Crown was already in a financially precarious position. From 1337 to 1452, England was at war with France and periodically also at war with Scotland resulting in a financial burden.
To make financial matters worse, England, along with the rest of
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Henry VI’s government attempted to reduce costs by terminating the French war, a move criticized by the English people, but diplomacy also cost money. However, curtailing military expenditure from 1444 alleviated rather than solved the problems and had disastrous military and financial side effects. For example, the loss of the Bordeaux wine region resulted in a collapse of the wine trade. By 1450, the Crown’s debt had rocketed from £160,000 to
The War of the Roses was a crucial and significant period in the England’s history playing an important role in it. There were many factors which can be seen as the causes of the war. However, it is vital to clarify to what extent its outbreak was caused by Henry’s inadequacies.
The war affected thousands of English and Spanish people and was a huge drain on the English crown's military and financial resources. Many of the financial problems that James I suffered from were caused by the debts from this war.
The Success of Henry VII in Improving Royal Finances Henry VII was a political realist, he knew he needed a good financial base from which to run the country, but on a more personal note, he also saw the need to create a strong financial situation upon which to secure his reign and dynasty. As Caroline Rodgers states 'Henry was acutely aware of the importance of strong finances if he was to remain safely on the throne.' However, it has often been said of Henry, 'No man has ascended to the throne with such a lack of financial experience and resources as Henry VII.' S. B. Chrimes.
His son, Henry VIII was a commanding figure who immediately set about wanting to gain respect and authority in Europe. Henry VIII’s foreign policy can be divided into two separate periods of time in which he went to war. The first period was at the beginning of his reign, in 1509-1515, Henry enforced a policy of aggressive and glorious warfare, this policy allowed invasions to occur within in France and Scotland. He was victorious within both invasions however it was an expensive policy to initiate. The second time period was during the years 1540-1547, this is when Henry, yet again, wanted more glory and domination over foreign affairs. This period of foreign policy was extremely expensive and came at a great financial cost. The gaining of Boulogne and loss of military personnel, costing £2,144,765, achieved nothing greater than personal glory for Henry showing his reign as one of dysfunction. The disastrous
Robin Jenkins effectively conveys loss of innocence and ant war through sophisticated symbolism in the short story “Flowers”. It tells the story of a young girl, Margaret, who was evacuated from the city of Glasgow to the highlands of Scotland in an attempt to avoid the inhumanity of war, but it is in the highlands where she truly witnessed the brutality of war.
The novel, Bread and Roses Too, is a story written by Katherine Paterson in 2006. This book takes you through the hard life of a young child, named Rosa, during the Bread and Roses strike of the mill workers of 1912. This story took place in Lawrence, Massachusetts, and displays the different hardships that had to be overcome the Bread and Roses Strike. Rosa is a young child who is living through the highest peaks of the strike of the mill workers, and she is not sure what to think of it. Confused by all the commotion, she stays close to her most authoritative figure in her life, her mother. When Rosa figures out that her mother is approving and supporting this strike, Rosa has concerns for her mother and why she is doing what she is
However, due to Henry’s I legacy and the oath the magnates swore to her, the country was henceforth left in anarchy and civil war. This meant that there was a succession conflict right up to 1153 when Henry II was crowned in Westminster, ending the crisis.
In 1989 Pete Rose, one of baseball’s greatest, lost all the respect he had gain in his successful career. That year, the league had brought to there attention that Pete Rose was a chronic gambler. Eventually Pete Rose ended up being banned from baseball. Now he wants a chance for a spot in the Hall of Fame, a place for baseball’s greatest. The question of whether or not Pete Rose should be accepted into the Hall of Fame has been a source of great controversy in the baseball community. The author, John Leland, address this controversy in his article, Hustling For the Hall, and attempts to prove that Rose deserves to be in the Hall of Fame. Mr. Leland believes that because of Rose’s accomplishments,
In The novel The Sun Also Rises by Ernest Hemingway, Men are portrayed to be good loving beings who only want to be loved in turn and that women use men for their own gain, enjoyment, and pleasure, but in Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice, Women are portrayed to be good beings who want to love and be loved, and men are the horrid ones who use women for their own pleasure and gain. Hemingway shows in his novel, men are true in their love by example of Jake’s love for Brett, and that women are horrid through Brett who only has flings with men and then leaves. While Austen shows women truly love through Jane and Elizabeth, and that men are horrid through Darcy and Bingley. Each author has a completely different view as to what love is, and
From his fifteen year minority to the inept rule of the rest of his reign, Henry VI was a "child", at least as far as governing ability was concerned. The period of his minority and the time that he was the titular king laid the groundwork for the Wars of the Roses. Had Henry been an intelligent king, with at least some political acumen, and the ability to win the respect of his nobles, their may have never been any Wars of the Roses. But his weakness in allowing government by favorites and governing foolishly on his own, at the very least directed his country down the road to a bloody civil war.
The word notorious according to Merriam-Webster.com means to be well known for something bad (Webster). To many people this meaning may conjure images of Emperor Nero fiddling as Rome burns, or remind them of Hitler. Hatred emerges for many when they are reminded of people like Queen Mary Tudor or Genghis Khan. Their actions arguably have changed the course of history. We all know and hate these people, perhaps not as much as those who lived under their rule or influence. But we all have one thing in common. We agree they are the most Notorious people to ever walk the earth, but never question how they came to be so cruel, heartless, and insane. This paper will go deeper into the minds of Mary Tudor and Genghis Khan by comparing how their childhood experiences built upon their infamous deeds to prove that their experience with their father’s, denial of rule, and tough childhood lead to them receiving the reputation of being notorious.
The War of the Roses were a series of Civil Wars from 1455 – 1487, they were fought between the House of York and the House of
From 1933 to 1945, Germany was under the leadership of Adolf Hitler and the Nationalist Socialist German Party, or Nazi Party. The group promoted German pride and Anti-Semitism, hate towards Jews, and expressed disgust towards the Treaty of Versailles, a peace document signed between Germany and the Allies at the end of World War 1 (History.com Staff). In order to grow his movement, Hitler recruited Germans for his armies, his factory workers, and his death camp guards. Because of this, it was easy to assume that all Germans supported the Nazi dictatorship and the ideas they preached. However, throughout this time period many Germans of different political and religious beliefs came together to protest against the regime.
To subsidize these financial demands, queen Elizabeth I forced to sell off her royal lands to provide the money for the England royal?s expense. Although these measures eased the financial shortage temporary, the price revolution negatively derailed English government for a long term in the 16th century. Similarity, Spain also weaken by price revolution even worst, Charles V to satisfy his financial needs to finance the war and bankrupt his country in 1575 and 1596 (Levack et al., 2011). Worst of all, the rate of inflation increased at an intensive level in the late sixteenth century. As a result, Europeans seriously affected by the financial turmoil, the uneased conflicts happened between protestants and Catholics, and harm people suffered in poverty (Levack et al.,
For females, living in a misogynistic, women disavowing society comes with consequences– in many cases, degrading stereotypes. Hence, the topic of female stereotypes has been addressed for centuries, from Shakespeare’s era to present day. William Shakespeare’s play The Taming of the Shrew and Ella Wheeler Wilcox’s poem “Woman” exhibit their opinions about a woman’s role in society and the manner in which she responds. Shakespeare and Wilcox both reject the idea that female stereotypes, set by a misogynistic society, pressure and encourage women into conforming; while Shakespeare believes that women must put on the façade of giving up their volition to gain respect, Wilcox proposes that women must nonconform to live a life that is not dictated by female stereotypes.