Warm Pathogen Disease

- Vaccinations (smallpox and influenza) were introduced in the early 1800s and were sent to Latin America to prevent deaths among laborers.

The pathogens that infect humans grow best at body temperature of 37*C. Higher temperatures inactivate and kill most of the micro-organisms, while low temperatures slow or stop their grow. That is why heat is used to steralize objects, while freezing is used to preserve food.

Despite the disappearance of the plague, smallpox still ran rampant throughout the world. The terrible disease continued to kill millions of Europeans every year. An inoculation created in the early 1700s was a somewhat successful solution and thousands of Europeans underwent the operation to engraft their skin with smallpox (Doc 2). However, new, more efficient solution came in the form of Edward Jenner, who created the first smallpox vaccine by collecting cowpox from an infected person and inserting it into another individual’s arm (Doc 6). Edward Jenner’s new vaccine was virtually harmless and was the most efficient vaccination to date. The smallpox vaccine eradicated the disease in Europe and eventually, the entire world. Smallpox was the last great disease that Europeans faced and its elimination allowed Europe’s population to grow and

When the Europeans had their first contact to the New World, it had a great impact on the spread of diseases that would wiped more than eighty to ninety percent of indigenous population. Neither Europeans nor Native Americans had medicine to fight the diseases. But Europeans had developed throughout the year’s immunities to fight diseases back in their homeland, so they were in a big advantage over the scarce resource that the Native Americans had. One of the main disease that killed millions of indigenous groups was called smallpox. Europeans had been exposed to many diseases throughout their history, in the Old World it was common for children at a young age to be infected with smallpox. So with advanced treatments with smallpox in the Old World, they had a different perspective on how to control these type of diseases. Many indigenous groups had not developed an immunities to fight smallpox. Reference to the book were it mentions that smallpox specifically means not the disease but the pimpled, pustules appearance which is the most obvious symptom of the disease (Crosby, p 43). As a result, many indigenous groups needed to find refuge due to the high percentage of deaths caused by European conquest and

Edward Jenner invented a vaccine by using a naturally-acquired and mild cowpox to prevent smallpox. More than one thousand people were vaccinated in England alone within three years. The print media played an important role in spreading the word about these vaccinations and smallpox was finally eradicated in 1980 (Bouldin, 2010).

Jenner’s discovery of the link between cowpox and smallpox was significant to the development of a vaccine for smallpox. However, it can be argued that Jenner and his discovery were not enough on their own to bring medical progress. The factors Scientific thinking, Government Communication and Changing attitudes played a major and important role to bring medical progress.

Smallpox had a very large timeline that affected many. First, smallpox was present in the Egyptian Empire, in a written description the virus clearly resembled smallpox, Later in about the 6th century increased trade with China and Korea introduced smallpox to Japan. Then, smallpox was widespread into India. Arab expansion then spreads smallpox to Africa, Spain, and Portugal. Last, The virus spreads everywhere. From travelers, people trading and, even just being in the same room of someone else who was infected. One more thing is, George

Somewhat more precise descriptions can be made by using the terms poikilothermic and homoiothermic. The body temperature of poikllotherms is relatively variable, while that of homeotherms is relatively constant.

Studies found the colder the air temperature the higher incidence of new SARS cases emerged. With only a small increase in temperature (1o C) new cases decreased by 29.1%. Furthermore, after studying an area in Hong Kong with high concentration of outbreak it was discovered that once the infected were moved to an area of quarantine there were no more new outbreaks. The biggest factor in eliminating the spread of disease appeared to be the use of personal protective gear. In one Hong Kong Intensive Care Unit staff members were given equipment such as air purification hoods, non-reusable goggles or face shields and gowns. This inhibited the spread of the disease to not only hospital staff but also the community (Lin, Yee-Tak Fong, Zhu, & Karlberg,

Certain threats to human health loom larger with rising temperatures. Extremely hot temperatures can cause heat illnesses and loss of life. Several vector borne diseases only occur in warm areas, and an increase in temperature could mean a spread of these diseases to larger areas. Also, warm temperatures can increase levels of air pollutants, including ozone, which can harm human health.

Q fever is a disease caused by infection with Coxiella burnetii, a bacterium that affects humans and other animals. This organism is uncommon, but may be found in cattle, sheep, goats and other domestic mammals, including cats and dogs. The infection results from inhalation of a spore-like small cell variant, and from contact with the milk, urine, feces, vaginal mucus, or semen of infected animals. Rarely, the disease is tick borne. The incubation period is 9–40 days. Humans are vulnerable to Q fever, and infection can result from even a few organisms. The bacterium is an obligate intracellular pathogenic parasite.

Different human societies spread across the world have certain unique challenges that tend to affect them. Some of these challenges due to the differences in the climatic conditions being experienced in those places. One of those common challenges that face people is sicknesses. Different places tend to experience different environmental hazards, which can be attributed to the different climatic conditions. According to Rai et al. (2014), coronavirus is known to be a special group of viruses that belong to the subfamily of coronavirinae. The first case of coronavirus was reported in the Middle East; something that forced medical doctors to undertake a comprehensive research to establish the causative agents of this

The origins of vaccines are what began this long-term dispute dating back to the 1800s. In the early frontier, many incurable diseases destroyed civilization and the reason was questionable until the 1800s. Perhaps the most infectious virus noted by the Chinese in the fourth century was the variola (smallpox). The derivation of smallpox is still unknown; nevertheless, scientists believe it began as a virus

Infectious disease is considered an ever evolving issue world-wide. A number of health officials and idealists believed that the threat of infectious disease would have been eradicated by now.1 Infectious disease remains the leading cause of death across the globe and the third leading cause of death in the United States.2 Within the scope of infectious disease, the most common cause of illness is viral respiratory tract infections, also referred to as VRTI.3 Recently, a new strain of virus related to the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome commonly referred to as SARS has been identified.4,5 The Middle East Respiratory Syndrome is a viral infection that affects the respiratory tract in humans and has recently been discovered in a small

Because improvements in nutrition and sanitation have been made, many epidemics have ended. As longevity of life increases, chronic diseases have taken the place of infectious disease as the leading cause of death. The different modes of transmission, disease development, and disease spectrum are all important factors to consider when studying the transmission of communicable diseases. It is also important to know about emerging infectious diseases. It is important to be aware of these diseases so that signs of these symptoms can be easily recognizable to provide the best patient care.